Abstract: Objective To explore the current situation and influencing factors of loneliness of the special hardship elderly people with centralized support in rural area. Methods From April to May 2021，91 impoverished elderly in a rural nursing home in Haikou City were investigated by the general data questionnaire，loneliness scale of university of California at Los Aageles（UCLA），patient health questionnaire depression module（PHQ-9），hamilton anxiety scale（HAMA） and 10-item connor-davidson resilience scale（CD-RISC-10）. Results 85.71% of the elderly had moderate or more loneliness. The univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the loneliness level among the elderly in different gender，education，marriage history，frequency of relatives' visits，participation in recreational activities，depression and anxiety（all P<0.05）. The correlation analysis showed that psychological elasticity was negatively correlated with loneliness（r=-0.594，P<0.05）. The multivariate analysis showed that marriage history，participation in recreational activities，frequency of relatives' visits，depression level and psychological elasticity explained 51.20% of the variation of loneliness. Conclusion The special hardship elderly people in rural nursing homes generally have a strong sense of loneliness，and the elderly who are divorced，widowed，do not participate in recreational activities and have low frequency of relatives' visits have a high sense of loneliness，while those with low level of depression and good psychological flexibility have a low sense of loneliness.

Key words: Elderly people, Rural areas, Centralized support, Nursing homes, Special hardship elderly, Household enjoying the five guarantees, Loneliness