
OCCUPATION AND HEALTH ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 368-373.
• Treatise • Previous Articles Next Articles
LI Zihui1, CAO Yuan2, HE Langzhi1, SHI Fan3, KONG Haonan4, WANG Yun1(
)
Received:2025-04-30
Revised:2025-05-09
Online:2026-02-01
Published:2026-03-06
Contact:
WANG Yun,E-mail:CLC Number:
LI Zihui, CAO Yuan, HE Langzhi, SHI Fan, KONG Haonan, WANG Yun. Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of household thirdhand smoke exposure among preschool children in Beijing. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(3): 368-373.
| 项目 | 调查人数 | 三手烟暴露 | 暴露类型 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人数 | χ2值 | P | 单一暴露 | 混合暴露 | 偶然暴露 | χ2值 | P | ||
| 幼儿性别 | 1.006 | >0.05 | 1.471 | >0.05 | |||||
| 男 | 913 | 541(59.26) | 122(13.36) | 321(35.16) | 98(10.73) | ||||
| 女 | 835 | 475(56.89) | 116(13.89) | 264(31.62) | 95(11.38) | ||||
| 幼儿年级 | 2.051 | >0.05 | 5.242 | >0.05 | |||||
| 小班 | 610 | 364(59.67) | 92(15.08) | 193(31.64) | 79(12.95) | ||||
| 中班 | 662 | 388(58.61) | 89(13.45) | 231(34.89) | 68(10.27) | ||||
| 大班 | 476 | 264(55.46) | 57(11.97) | 161(33.82) | 46(9.66) | ||||
| 居住地 | 101.371 | <0.01 | 28.894 | <0.01 | |||||
| 郊区 | 806 | 572(70.97) | 101(12.53) | 367(45.53) | 104(12.90) | ||||
| 城区 | 942 | 444(47.13) | 137(14.55) | 218(23.14) | 89(9.45) | ||||
| 居住区 | 121.563 | <0.01 | 48.096 | <0.01 | |||||
| 门头沟区 | 413 | 273(66.10) | 55(13.32) | 170(41.16) | 48(11.62) | ||||
| 平谷区 | 393 | 299(76.08) | 46(11.70) | 197(50.13) | 56(14.25) | ||||
| 东城区 | 465 | 193(41.51) | 77(16.56) | 87(18.71) | 29(6.24) | ||||
| 朝阳区 | 477 | 251(52.62) | 60(12.58) | 131(27.46) | 60(12.58) | ||||
| 家长年龄(岁) | 32.336 | <0.01 | 3.802 | >0.05 | |||||
| ≤35 | 745 | 475(63.76) | 101(13.56) | 277(37.18) | 97(13.02) | ||||
| >35~40 | 656 | 383(58.38) | 99(15.09) | 213(32.47) | 71(10.82) | ||||
| >40 | 347 | 158(45.53) | 38(10.95) | 95(27.38) | 25(7.20) | ||||
| 家长文化程度 | 127.754 | <0.01 | 42.737 | <0.01 | |||||
| 高中及以下 | 265 | 208(78.49) | 32(12.07) | 148(55.85) | 28(10.57) | ||||
| 本科/大专 | 1 206 | 721(59.78) | 169(14.01) | 410(34.00) | 142(11.77) | ||||
| 硕士及以上 | 277 | 87(31.41) | 37(13.36) | 27(9.75) | 23(8.30) | ||||
| 合计 | 1 748 | 1 016(58.12) | 238(13.62) | 585(33.47) | 193(11.04) | ||||
| 项目 | 调查人数 | 三手烟暴露 | 暴露类型 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人数 | χ2值 | P | 单一暴露 | 混合暴露 | 偶然暴露 | χ2值 | P | ||
| 幼儿性别 | 1.006 | >0.05 | 1.471 | >0.05 | |||||
| 男 | 913 | 541(59.26) | 122(13.36) | 321(35.16) | 98(10.73) | ||||
| 女 | 835 | 475(56.89) | 116(13.89) | 264(31.62) | 95(11.38) | ||||
| 幼儿年级 | 2.051 | >0.05 | 5.242 | >0.05 | |||||
| 小班 | 610 | 364(59.67) | 92(15.08) | 193(31.64) | 79(12.95) | ||||
| 中班 | 662 | 388(58.61) | 89(13.45) | 231(34.89) | 68(10.27) | ||||
| 大班 | 476 | 264(55.46) | 57(11.97) | 161(33.82) | 46(9.66) | ||||
| 居住地 | 101.371 | <0.01 | 28.894 | <0.01 | |||||
| 郊区 | 806 | 572(70.97) | 101(12.53) | 367(45.53) | 104(12.90) | ||||
| 城区 | 942 | 444(47.13) | 137(14.55) | 218(23.14) | 89(9.45) | ||||
| 居住区 | 121.563 | <0.01 | 48.096 | <0.01 | |||||
| 门头沟区 | 413 | 273(66.10) | 55(13.32) | 170(41.16) | 48(11.62) | ||||
| 平谷区 | 393 | 299(76.08) | 46(11.70) | 197(50.13) | 56(14.25) | ||||
| 东城区 | 465 | 193(41.51) | 77(16.56) | 87(18.71) | 29(6.24) | ||||
| 朝阳区 | 477 | 251(52.62) | 60(12.58) | 131(27.46) | 60(12.58) | ||||
| 家长年龄(岁) | 32.336 | <0.01 | 3.802 | >0.05 | |||||
| ≤35 | 745 | 475(63.76) | 101(13.56) | 277(37.18) | 97(13.02) | ||||
| >35~40 | 656 | 383(58.38) | 99(15.09) | 213(32.47) | 71(10.82) | ||||
| >40 | 347 | 158(45.53) | 38(10.95) | 95(27.38) | 25(7.20) | ||||
| 家长文化程度 | 127.754 | <0.01 | 42.737 | <0.01 | |||||
| 高中及以下 | 265 | 208(78.49) | 32(12.07) | 148(55.85) | 28(10.57) | ||||
| 本科/大专 | 1 206 | 721(59.78) | 169(14.01) | 410(34.00) | 142(11.77) | ||||
| 硕士及以上 | 277 | 87(31.41) | 37(13.36) | 27(9.75) | 23(8.30) | ||||
| 合计 | 1 748 | 1 016(58.12) | 238(13.62) | 585(33.47) | 193(11.04) | ||||
| 自变量 | 赋值方式 |
|---|---|
| 居住地 | 城区=0;郊区=1 |
| 家长年龄(岁) | >40=0;>35~40=1;≤35=2 |
| 家长文化程度 | 硕士及以上=0;本科或大专=1;高中及以下=2 |
| 自变量 | 赋值方式 |
|---|---|
| 居住地 | 城区=0;郊区=1 |
| 家长年龄(岁) | >40=0;>35~40=1;≤35=2 |
| 家长文化程度 | 硕士及以上=0;本科或大专=1;高中及以下=2 |
| 暴露类型 | 选项 | β值 | Wald χ2值 | P | OR(95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 三手烟暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.647 | 0.111 | 34.232 | <0.01 | 1.909(1.537~2.371) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长年龄(岁) | ||||||
| ≤35 | 0.638 | 0.141 | 20.361 | <0.01 | 1.892(1.434~2.496) | |
| >35~40 | 0.518 | 0.142 | 13.27 | <0.01 | 1.679(1.270~2.219) | |
| >40 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 1.649 | 0.213 | 60.101 | <0.01 | 5.202(3.428~7.893) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.908 | 0.148 | 37.666 | <0.01 | 2.480(1.856~3.315) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 单一暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.271 | 0.164 | 2.727 | >0.05 | 1.312(0.951~1.810) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 0.883 | 0.304 | 8.414 | <0.01 | 2.417(1.331~4.389) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.508 | 0.206 | 6.074 | <0.05 | 1.661(1.110~2.488) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 混合暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.863 | 0.125 | 47.312 | <0.01 | 2.370(1.853~3.031) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 2.336 | 0.271 | 74.317 | <0.01 | 10.339(6.079~17.585) | |
| 本科或大专 | 1.516 | 0.221 | 47.203 | <0.01 | 4.553(2.954~7.015) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 偶然暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.727 | 0.176 | 17.116 | <0.01 | 2.068(1.466~2.918) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 0.922 | 0.340 | 7.332 | <0.01 | 2.513(1.290~4.898) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.664 | 0.248 | 7.171 | <0.01 | 1.942(1.195~3.156) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 |
| 暴露类型 | 选项 | β值 | Wald χ2值 | P | OR(95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 三手烟暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.647 | 0.111 | 34.232 | <0.01 | 1.909(1.537~2.371) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长年龄(岁) | ||||||
| ≤35 | 0.638 | 0.141 | 20.361 | <0.01 | 1.892(1.434~2.496) | |
| >35~40 | 0.518 | 0.142 | 13.27 | <0.01 | 1.679(1.270~2.219) | |
| >40 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 1.649 | 0.213 | 60.101 | <0.01 | 5.202(3.428~7.893) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.908 | 0.148 | 37.666 | <0.01 | 2.480(1.856~3.315) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 单一暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.271 | 0.164 | 2.727 | >0.05 | 1.312(0.951~1.810) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 0.883 | 0.304 | 8.414 | <0.01 | 2.417(1.331~4.389) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.508 | 0.206 | 6.074 | <0.05 | 1.661(1.110~2.488) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 混合暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.863 | 0.125 | 47.312 | <0.01 | 2.370(1.853~3.031) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 2.336 | 0.271 | 74.317 | <0.01 | 10.339(6.079~17.585) | |
| 本科或大专 | 1.516 | 0.221 | 47.203 | <0.01 | 4.553(2.954~7.015) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 | |||||
| 偶然暴露 | 居住地 | |||||
| 郊区 | 0.727 | 0.176 | 17.116 | <0.01 | 2.068(1.466~2.918) | |
| 城区 | 1.000 | |||||
| 家长文化程度 | ||||||
| 高中及以下 | 0.922 | 0.340 | 7.332 | <0.01 | 2.513(1.290~4.898) | |
| 本科或大专 | 0.664 | 0.248 | 7.171 | <0.01 | 1.942(1.195~3.156) | |
| 硕士及以上 | 1.000 |
| 项目 | 城区 (n=355) | 郊区 (n=468) | χ2值 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 家庭吸烟人数 | 6.240 | <0.05 | ||
| 1 | 288(81.13) | 345(73.72) | ||
| ≥2 | 67(18.87) | 123(26.28) | ||
| 吸烟人身份 | <0.01b | |||
| 父母 | 235(66.20) | 297(63.46) | ||
| 祖父母 | 61(17.18) | 55(11.75) | ||
| 父母与祖父母 | 59(16.62) | 114(24.36) | ||
| 仅其他亲属 | 0(0.00) | 2(0.43) | ||
| 吸烟类型 | <0.05b | |||
| 卷烟 | 295(83.10) | 419(89.53) | ||
| 电子烟 | 18(5.07) | 16(3.42) | ||
| 手卷烟 | 3(0.85) | 5(1.07) | ||
| 水烟 | 0(0.00) | 2(0.43) | ||
| 2种及以上 | 39(10.99) | 26(5.56) | ||
| 吸烟量(支/d)a | 1.792 | >0.05 | ||
| 1~<10 | 107(32.13) | 123(27.70) | ||
| ≥10 | 226(67.87) | 321(72.30) | ||
| 吸烟后个人清洁情况 | 3.322 | >0.05 | ||
| 经常 | 141(39.72) | 174(37.18) | ||
| 偶尔 | 76(21.41) | 126(26.92) | ||
| 从不 | 138(38.87) | 168(35.90) | ||
| 室内地面清洁频率(次/月) | 3.816 | >0.05 | ||
| 0~10 | 59(16.62) | 89(19.02) | ||
| >10~20 | 47(13.24) | 69(14.74) | ||
| >20~30 | 117(32.96) | 166(35.47) | ||
| >30 | 132(37.18) | 144(30.77) | ||
| 室内桌面/台面清洁频率(次/月) | 10.640 | <0.05 | ||
| 0~10 | 51(14.37) | 91(19.44) | ||
| >10~20 | 48(13.52) | 86(18.38) | ||
| >20~30 | 116(32.68) | 148(31.62) | ||
| >30 | 140(39.44) | 143(30.56) |
| 项目 | 城区 (n=355) | 郊区 (n=468) | χ2值 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 家庭吸烟人数 | 6.240 | <0.05 | ||
| 1 | 288(81.13) | 345(73.72) | ||
| ≥2 | 67(18.87) | 123(26.28) | ||
| 吸烟人身份 | <0.01b | |||
| 父母 | 235(66.20) | 297(63.46) | ||
| 祖父母 | 61(17.18) | 55(11.75) | ||
| 父母与祖父母 | 59(16.62) | 114(24.36) | ||
| 仅其他亲属 | 0(0.00) | 2(0.43) | ||
| 吸烟类型 | <0.05b | |||
| 卷烟 | 295(83.10) | 419(89.53) | ||
| 电子烟 | 18(5.07) | 16(3.42) | ||
| 手卷烟 | 3(0.85) | 5(1.07) | ||
| 水烟 | 0(0.00) | 2(0.43) | ||
| 2种及以上 | 39(10.99) | 26(5.56) | ||
| 吸烟量(支/d)a | 1.792 | >0.05 | ||
| 1~<10 | 107(32.13) | 123(27.70) | ||
| ≥10 | 226(67.87) | 321(72.30) | ||
| 吸烟后个人清洁情况 | 3.322 | >0.05 | ||
| 经常 | 141(39.72) | 174(37.18) | ||
| 偶尔 | 76(21.41) | 126(26.92) | ||
| 从不 | 138(38.87) | 168(35.90) | ||
| 室内地面清洁频率(次/月) | 3.816 | >0.05 | ||
| 0~10 | 59(16.62) | 89(19.02) | ||
| >10~20 | 47(13.24) | 69(14.74) | ||
| >20~30 | 117(32.96) | 166(35.47) | ||
| >30 | 132(37.18) | 144(30.77) | ||
| 室内桌面/台面清洁频率(次/月) | 10.640 | <0.05 | ||
| 0~10 | 51(14.37) | 91(19.44) | ||
| >10~20 | 48(13.52) | 86(18.38) | ||
| >20~30 | 116(32.68) | 148(31.62) | ||
| >30 | 140(39.44) | 143(30.56) |
| [1] |
MATT G E, QUINTANA P J, DESTAILLATS H, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke:Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda[J]. Environ Health Perspect, 2011, 119(9):1218-1226.
DOI URL |
| [2] |
WU J X, LAU A T Y, XU Y M. Indoor secondary pollutants cannot be ignored:Third-hand smoke[J]. Toxics, 2022, 10(7):363.
DOI URL |
| [3] |
YANG J, PEARL M, JACOB P, et al. Levels of cotinine in dried blood specimens from newborns as a biomarker of maternal smoking close to the time of delivery[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 2013, 178(11):1648-1654.
DOI PMID |
| [4] | MAHABEE-GITTENS E M, QUINTANA P J E, HOH E, et al. Collecting hand wipe samples to assess thirdhand smoke exposure[J]. Front Public Health, 2021,9:770505. |
| [5] | TANG X, GONZáLEZ N R, RUSSELL M L, et al. Chemical changes in thirdhand smoke associated with remediation using an ozone generator[J]. Environ Res, 2021,198:110462. |
| [6] |
HANG B, SARKER A H, HAVEL C, et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells[J]. Mutagenesis, 2013, 28(4):381-391.
DOI PMID |
| [7] | FERRANTE G, SIMONI M, CIBELLA F, et al. Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children[J]. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 2013, 79(1):38-43. |
| [8] |
WINICKOFF J P, FRIEBELY J, TANSKI S E, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of "thirdhand" smoke and home smoking bans[J]. Pediatrics, 2009, 123(1):e74-e79.
DOI URL |
| [9] |
SLEIMAN M, GUNDEL L A, PANKOW J F, et al. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid,leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107(15):6576-6581.
DOI URL |
| [10] |
QUINTANA P J, MATT G E, CHATFIELD D, et al. Wipe sampling for nicotine as a marker of thirdhand tobacco smoke contamination on surfaces in homes,cars,and hotels[J]. Nicotine Tob Res, 2013, 15(9):1555-1563.
DOI URL |
| [11] |
DREHMER J E, OSSIP D J, NABI-BURZA E, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents[J]. Pediatrics, 2014, 133(4):e850-e856.
DOI URL |
| [12] | 马先富, 王建勋, 陈燕娟, 等. 杭州市成人吸烟及家庭或单位禁烟现状研究[J]. 中国健康教育, 2021, 37(5):425-429. |
| [13] |
田欢, 刘昭璐, 李军, 等. 济南市中区市区及市郊儿童被动吸烟现状比较分析[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2016, 24(5):521-525.
DOI |
| [14] | 韩林俐. 天山北麓三县市家长对婴幼儿被动吸烟知、信、行的状况调查分析[D]. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2016. |
| [15] | 李娜, 李静, 王静, 等. 呼吸疾病患儿父母对三手烟暴露知信行的调查研究[J]. 河南医学研究, 2019, 28(19):3486-3489. |
| [16] |
DÍEZ-IZQUIERDO A, CASSANELLO P, CARTANYà A, et al. Knowledge and attitudes toward thirdhand smoke among parents with children under 3 years in Spain[J]. Pediatr Res, 2018, 84(5):645-649.
DOI |
| [17] | 邢健红, 唐红萍, 丁雨红, 等. 多媒体健康教育在幼儿家长三手烟暴露知信行干预中的效果[J]. 健康教育与健康促进, 2024, 19(5):485-488. |
| [18] |
BAHL V, JACOB P 3RD, HAVEL C, et al. Thirdhand cigarette smoke:Factors affecting exposure and remediation[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(10):e108258.
DOI URL |
| [1] | WEN Jing, LUO Ya, LIANG Hengjuan, YANG Bo, HUANG Xiaohong. Current situation and correlation analysis of occupational well-being work cognitive evaluation and chemotherapy occupational protection attitudes among nurses in oncology-related departments [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(4): 491-495. |
| [2] | DONG Yong, LIU Anquan, HUANG Gaoyu, CAI Sirong, CAI Shuaizhong, GUAN Qiongyao. Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of professional compromise of nursing students [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(4): 527-531. |
| [3] | ZHANG Qi, ZHANG Yongqin, WANG He, JIANG Yingchan, ZHU Tianshun, ZHOU Yifan. Research progress on factors affecting acceptance of health monitoring tools among the elderly [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(4): 554-560. |
| [4] | YE Mengdan, LI Ningning, LI Wen, LI Bingru, WU Qihan. Research status and reflections on perception of occupational risks among nurses in digestive endoscopy center [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(4): 571-576. |
| [5] | LIU Yao, YANG Jiajia, ZHU Peifei, ZHENG Huiqiu, XING Meiqi, WANG Yanling. Analysis of injurious behavior and related factors of primary and secondary school students in Xianghuangqi,Xilin Gol League in 2023 [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(3): 379-384. |
| [6] | QIN Wenting, YANG Lianzhao, GAO Hui, CHEN Ling, SANG Shulin. Meta-analysis of addictive substance use and influencing factors among Chinese MSM population [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(3): 395-402. |
| [7] | TAN Wenfeng, WAN Junhua. Research progress on dietary behaviors among shift nurses [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(3): 417-422. |
| [8] | REN Ying, LIU Baoyu, SUN Yumei, LI Qingqing, YANG Bowen, PANG Xiaoli. Latent profile analysis of intern nurses' work engagement and influencing factors [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(2): 237-242. |
| [9] | LUO Linfeng, WANG Huining, ZHANG Huijie, LIU Baolong, YAN Tenglong, LI Jue. Influencing factors of cardiovascular health and diseases among taxi drivers [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(2): 273-278. |
| [10] | ZHONG Yunling, ZHANG Rong, YANG Jiehui, WANG Yana, LIU Shengyu. Research progress on the psychological health status of nursing managers [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(2): 284-288. |
| [11] | LIU Zheyu, CHEN Xuexia, CHEN Yanling, ZHANG Jing. Survey on the current status of sense of meaning in life among medical undergraduates at Inner Mongolia Medical University [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(1): 113-119. |
| [12] | WANG Chunxiang, QIU Xinxiong, GAN Jianan. Investigation and analysis of occupational stress status and influencing factors among primary health workers in a district of Shenzhen City [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(1): 6-11. |
| [13] | ZHEN Yuehua, ZHANG Shiting, HUANG Zhubao. Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of workplace spirituality and psychological capital among nurses in military hospitals [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(1): 83-88. |
| [14] | CHENG Yuanfen, HE Jin, LI Dan, YANG Juanhua, YANG Ting, CAO Yu. Analysis of the status quo and influencing factors of decent work perception of community medical staff in Guizhou Province [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2025, 41(9): 1192-1196. |
| [15] | WU Ao, XIE Hongzhen, DUAN Xinyu, FAN Xiaoqi, WANG Jianjing, REN Lifang. Analysis on current status and influencing factors of risk screening for obstructive sleep apnea among power plant employees in Taishan City [J]. OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2025, 41(9): 1197-1202. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||