职业与健康 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 1071-1077.

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

生活饮用水中消毒副产物三卤甲烷和四氯化碳的顶空气相色谱法测定及测量不确定度评定

卢变芳   

  1. 上海新天地检测技术有限公司上海 200444
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27 修回日期:2025-11-21 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-05-18
  • 作者简介:卢变芳,女,工程师,主要从事公共卫生、职业卫生与环境检测工作。

Determination of trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride as disinfection by-products in drinking water by headspace gas chromatography and evaluation of measurement uncertainty

LU Bianfang   

  1. Shanghai Xintiandi Testing Technology Co.Ltd.Shanghai 200444, China
  • Received:2025-10-27 Revised:2025-11-21 Online:2026-04-15 Published:2026-05-18

摘要:

目的 建立顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中消毒副产物三卤甲烷和四氯化碳的检测方法,为建立检测饮用水中三卤甲烷和四氯化碳浓度方法提供参考。方法 配制标准系列,采用优化后的分析条件对水样进行多批次分析测定,验证方法的检出限、重复性相对标准偏差、加标回收率等特征参数,并评估不同测定浓度的测量不确定度。结果 曲线范围在0~6.00 和0~10.0 μg/L内,三卤甲烷、四氯化碳的线性相关系数为0.997~0.999。采用3种方法计算检出限和定量下限,GB/T 5750.3—2023《生活饮用水标准检验方法 第3部分:水质分析质量控制》(6.4.1和6.5)所得检出限和定量下限最大,检出限和定量下限:三氯甲烷为0.046和0.138 μg/L,四氯化碳为0.023和0.069 μg/L,一溴二氯甲烷为0.028和0.084 μg/L,二溴一氯甲烷为0.033和0.099 μg/L,三溴甲烷为0.046和0.138 μg/L;GB/T 5750.3—2023《生活饮用水标准检验方法 第3部分:水质分析质量控制》(6.4.2.2和6.5)所得检出限和定量下限最小,检出限和定量下限:三氯甲烷为0.021和0.063 μg/L,四氯化碳为0.002和0.006 μg/L,一溴二氯甲烷为0.008和0.024 μg/L,二溴一氯甲烷为0.015和0.045 μg/L,三溴甲烷为0.045和0.135 μg/L。不同浓度下的重复性相对标准偏差及加标回收率分别为0.4%~6.7%、84%~110%。按95%CI,生活饮用水中三卤甲烷和四氯化碳的相对扩展不确定度范围为18.6%~30.0%,k=2。结论 该方法快捷易操作,相对偏差小、回收率高,适用于生活饮用水中三卤甲烷和四氯化碳浓度的测定。其测量不确定度来源主要是气相色谱测定,定期进行仪器期间核查和维护,进行人员操作技能培训,以降低其不确定度水平。

关键词: 气相色谱, 消毒副产物, 三卤甲烷, 四氯化碳, 测量不确定度, 饮用水安全

Abstract:

Objective To establish a headspace capillary gas chromatography method for the determination of disinfection by-products(trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride) in drinking water,provide a reference for establishing methods to detect the concentrations of trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water. Methods The standard series were prepared,and multiple batches of water samples were analyzed under optimized conditions. The characteristic parameters including method detection limit,relative standard deviation(RSD) for repeatability,and spike recovery were verified,and measurement uncertainty at different concentration levels were evaluated. Results The calibration curves for trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride(0-6.00 or 0-10.0 μg/L) showed correlation coefficients of 0.997-0.999. The method detection limits(MDL) and lower limits of quantification(LLOQ) were calculated using three approaches. The MDL and LLOQ by the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water-Part 3:Quality Control for Water Analysis(GB/T 5750.3-2023) Clauses 6.4.1 and 6.5 were the highest,which the MDL and LLOQ for trichloromethane were 0.046 and 0.138 μg/L,carbon tetrachloride were 0.023 and 0.069 μg/L,monobromodichloromethane were 0.028 and 0.084 μg/L,sibromochloromethane were 0.033 and 0.099 μg/L,and tribromomethane were 0.046 and 0.138 μg/L,respectively. The MDL and LLOQ by the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water-Part 3:Quality Control for Water Analysis(GB/T 5750.3-2023) Clauses 6.4.2.2 and 6.5 for trichloromethane were 0.021 and 0.063 μg/L,carbon tetrachloride were 0.002 and 0.006 μg/L,bromodichloromethane were 0.008 and 0.024 μg/L,dibromochloromethane were 0.015 and 0.045 μg/L,and tribromomethane were 0.045 and 0.135 μg/L,respectively. The repeatability RSD and spike recoveries at different concentration levels were 0.4%-6.7% and 84%-110% respectively. The relative expanded uncertainty(at a 95%CIk=2) were 18.6%-30.0% for trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water. Conclusions This method is rapid,easy to operate,and has low relative deviation,high recovery rates,which is suitable for determining trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water. The measurement uncertainty primarily stems from gas chromatographic analysis. To reduce its uncertainty levels,regular instrument intermediate checks and maintenance,and operator training should be implemented.

Key words: Gas chromatography, Disinfection by-products, Trihalomethanes, Carbon tetrachloride, Measurement uncertainty, Drinking water safety

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