建筑环境内空气传播病原体来源、传播风险及监测技术的研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在呼吸道传染病大流行频发的背景下，如SARS、H1N1流行性感冒等，凸显了空气传播病原体对人类健康的威胁。建筑环境高密闭性和高人员密度的特点，以及通风系统对病原体生长和传播的影响，增加了病原体传播的复杂性，都对识别和监测技术提出了更高要求。本文聚焦空气传播病原体，从来源、传播风险及监测技术3个方面展开综述，旨在提高建筑环境内病原体早期识别监测能力，为深入研究传播机制、应对新型病原体引发的未知疾病传播提供参考。

关键词: 空气传播病原体, 建筑环境, 传播风险, 监测技术, 通风

Abstract:

The threat of airborne pathogens to human health has been highlighted in the context of the frequent occurrence of respiratory pandemics，such as SARS，H1N1 influenza，etc. The characteristics of high airtightness and high population density in the built environment，along with the impact of the ventilation system on the growth and transmission of pathogens，have increased the complexity of pathogen transmission.All these factors pose higher requirements for identification and monitoring technologies. This paper focuses on airborne pathogens and provides a review from three aspects：sources，transmission risks and monitoring technologies，with the aim of improving the ability of early identification and monitoring of pathogens in the built environment，providing a reference for in-depth study of transmission mechanisms，and responding to the spread of unknown diseases caused by novel pathogens.

Key words: Airborne pathogens, Built environment, Transmission risk, Monitoring technology, Ventilation

中图分类号:

R122.1

姚晓慧, 贾予平, 石伟先, 孟田, 张雅婕, 沈凡. 建筑环境内空气传播病原体来源、传播风险及监测技术的研究进展. [J]职业与健康, 2026, 42(18): 2574-2579.

YAO Xiaohui, JIA Yuping, SHI Weixian, MENG Tian, ZHANG Yajie, SHEN Fan. Research progress on the sources，transmission risks and monitoring technologies of airborne pathogens in the built environment. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(18): 2574-2579.

图/表 2

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文献	病原体	严重程度	感染来源	影响因素	日期	基本再生数（R0）
[10-11]	结核分枝杆菌	14名患者和9名潜伏性感染者	指示病例为家庭A中患有肺结核的婴儿	广泛的社交活动	2021年11月	0.26~4.3
[12]	军团菌	27例感染者，其中1例死亡	热水浴缸	系统维护不善，天气因素作用	2017年10月
[13]	军团菌	138例病例和16例死亡	冷却塔	维护管理不善	2025年7月
[5,14]	麻疹病毒	22例病例	指示病例曾前往麻疹疫情地	办公楼易感人员接触频繁	2015年1月	12~18
[15-16]	流感病毒	9例感染者	指示病例病房无创正压通气产生气溶胶	医院建筑中的通风设计产生不平衡的气流模式	2008年4月	1.2~2.3
[17-18]	SARS-CoV-1	187例病例	指示病例使用厕所，管道系统产生气溶胶	通风系统排风扇和自然风力作用	2003年	2.0~3.0

文献	病原体	严重程度	感染来源	影响因素	日期	基本再生数（R0）
[10-11]	结核分枝杆菌	14名患者和9名潜伏性感染者	指示病例为家庭A中患有肺结核的婴儿	广泛的社交活动	2021年11月	0.26~4.3
[12]	军团菌	27例感染者，其中1例死亡	热水浴缸	系统维护不善，天气因素作用	2017年10月
[13]	军团菌	138例病例和16例死亡	冷却塔	维护管理不善	2025年7月
[5,14]	麻疹病毒	22例病例	指示病例曾前往麻疹疫情地	办公楼易感人员接触频繁	2015年1月	12~18
[15-16]	流感病毒	9例感染者	指示病例病房无创正压通气产生气溶胶	医院建筑中的通风设计产生不平衡的气流模式	2008年4月	1.2~2.3
[17-18]	SARS-CoV-1	187例病例	指示病例使用厕所，管道系统产生气溶胶	通风系统排风扇和自然风力作用	2003年	2.0~3.0