Table of Content

01 October 2026, Volume 42 Issue 19

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Treatise——Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases

Correlation analysis of technical stress，emotional intelligence，and occupational burnout among internal medicine nurses

ZHOU Jingjing, ZENG Yongxiao, LIU Juan, DING Ling, YAN Man, TONG Xi

2026, 42(19):  2593-2597. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of technical stress，emotional intelligence and job burnout among internal medicine nurses and analyze the correlation between the three，explore the mediating role of emotional intelligence between technical stress and job burnout，and provide reference evidence for reducing job burnout of internal medicine nurses and improving clinical nursing work efficiency. Methods A random sampling method was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey on 176 internal medicine nurses from 9 grade-A tertiary hospitals in Wuhan from May to June 2025 using technical stress scale，emotional intelligence scale and job burnout scale. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between technical stress，emotional intelligence and job burnout of internal medicine nurses. The mediation effect was tested to determine the strength of the mediation effect and the Bootstrap method was used to verify it. Results The technical stress score of internal medicine nurses was （30.42±5.84）points，the emotional intelligence score was （72.86±14.28）points，and the job burnout score was （58.92±13.64）points. The technical stress of internal medicine nurses was related to their age，educational level，total clinical nursing work hours，nursing professional title，number of children，average monthly night shifts，and marital status，with statistically significant differences（all P<0.05）. The emotional intelligence and job burnout of internal medicine nurses were related to their age，total clinical nursing work hours，nursing professional title，number of children，and average monthly night shifts，with statistically significant differences（all P<0.05）. Technical stress was positively correlated with job burnout（r=0.574，P<0.01），emotional intelligence was negatively correlated with job burnout（r=-0.536，P<0.01），and technical stress was negatively correlated with emotional intelligence（r=-0.489，P<0.01）. The emotional intelligence had a partial mediating effect between technical stress and job burnout of internal medicine nurses，with a mediation effect value of 0.318，accounting for 47.32% of the total effect. Conclusion Internal medicine nurses have high technical stress，which can positively predict their job burnout. Emotional intelligence plays a partial mediating role between the two. Improving emotional intelligence can help alleviate the impact of technical stress on job burnout.

Analysis on occupational health examination results of workers in a large lead-acid battery enterprise in Shandong Province

FAN Panpan, ZHANG Shihuai, ZHANG Zhihu, CHEN Xuelei, ZUO Wei, ZHANG Pu

2026, 42(19):  2598-2601. 

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Objective To analyze the occupational health examination results of workers in a large lead-acid battery enterprise in Shandong Province，and to understand the current situation of occupational lead exposure and blood lead levels among workers. Methods The occupational hazards of major positions in a large lead-acid battery enterprise were detected in 2023. Occupational health examinations and blood lead content measurements for 736 production workers during their employment and blood lead content measurements and health examinations for 70 management personnel were conducted. The contact group consisted of 429 workers who were exposed to lead in the electrode plate and assembly workshop，while the control group consisted of 377 non lead exposed workers and management personnel in the charging workshop. Results During the on-the-job occupational health examination，4 individuals were found to have moderate anemia，with a detection rate of 1.9%（8/429） for abnormal blood lead and 4.1%（30/736） for abnormal hearing. The blood lead concentration in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group（Z=-21.356，P<0.01）. There were statistically significant differences in blood lead concentrations in the exposure groups of different genders，ages，lead types，and electrocardiogram groups（Z=-5.107，-1.989，-8.925，-2.040，all P<0.05）. There was a positive correlation between the blood lead concentration and age of the control group（r=0.172，P<0.01）. The health examination results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the detection rates of five abnormal indicators，including low red blood cell count，low hemoglobin，abnormal electrocardiogram，high alanine aminotransferase，and white blood cell count，between the contact group and the control group（all P>0.05）. Conclusion Long term exposure to lead can pose certain health hazards to workers，and monitoring their blood lead levels and health indicators should be strengthened to protect their physical health.

Investigation and analysis of the application frequency of radiological diagnosis and treatment resources in Xuzhou City in 2023

LIU Nian, WU Pangpang, WU Qianqian, JIA Tingting, YANG Wenya, WANG Chengzhong

2026, 42(19):  2602-2607. 

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Objective To understand the allocation of radiological diagnosis and treatment resources and the application status of radiological diagnosis and treatment in Xuzhou City，providing data support for health administrative departments to optimize resource allocation and health supervision agencies to implement precise upervision. Methods Using a unified survey form，we conducted a census of all medical institutions in Xuzhou to collect information on the number of radiological staff，configuration of diagnostic and treatment equipment，and application frequency of radiological diagnosis and treatment from April 1，2023 to March 31，2024. Combined with Xuzhou's population data，the application frequency of each radiological diagnosis and treatment project was calculated. Results There were 540 medical institutions，3 572 radiological staff members，and 1 455 radiological diagnostic and treatment devices in Xuzhou. The average number of radiological devices per million population in Xuzhou was 161.36，with the highest in Quanshan District（391.70 units） and the lowest in Pizhou City（111.55 units）. The average number of radiological staff per million population was 396.13，with the highest in Quanshan District（1 256.80） and the lowest in Feng County（240.30）. The application frequency of radiological diagnosis and treatment was 944.04 person-times per thousand，with X-ray diagnosis having the highest frequency of 929.82 person-times per thousand，radiotherapy having the lowest frequency of 1.08 person-times per thousand，interventional treatment having a frequency of 8.39 person-times per thousand，and nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment having a frequency of 4.74 person-times per thousand. Among X-ray diagnoses，the CT frequency was 521.83 person-times per thousand，mammography frequency was 6.04 person-times per thousand，and dental photography frequency was 55.54 person-times per thousand. Conclusion The radiological diagnostic and treatment resources in Xuzhou have grown rapidly，particularly CT scanners and dental machines，but there is an imbalance in the allocation of radiological resources among different regions and medical institutions of different levels. Health administrative departments should strengthen macro-control to make the allocation of radiological resources more scientific and rational. The application frequency of radiological diagnosis and treatment has increased rapidly，especially CT examinations. Medical institutions should strengthen the judgment of radiation justification and rationally use radiological diagnostic and treatment equipment. Health supervision agencies should strengthen supervision over dental clinics and the application of CT examinations in medical institutions，particularly the use of CT examinations in routine physical examinations by health examination institutions，to reduce the radiation dose received by examinees and protect their health.

Research on the influencing factors of occupational burnout among medical staff in psychiatric hospitals based on structural equation modeling

YU Jun, PEI Yingxin, LYU Tao, HUANG Fumin, WANG Xiaowen, FENG Lin

2026, 42(19):  2608-2612. 

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Objective To understand the current situation and influencing factors of occupational burnout among psychiatric medical staff in Yunnan Province，in order to provide theoretical basis for improving the occupational burnout status of psychiatric medical staff. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 551 medical and nursing staff from 8 psychiatric hospitals in Yunnan Province for anonymous online questionnaire survey，and the data were analyzed. Results Among the 551 respondents，the male to female ratio was 0.49 ∶ 1，and the average age was （34.34±8.56）years old. The overall detection rate of occupational burnout was 69.7%，with the total score M（P₂₅，P₇₅） of 46（29，61）points. The comparison of occupational burnout scores among healthcare workers differed by age，hospital level，monthly income，weekly working hours，number of patients managed per day，and night shift arrangement，with statistically significant differences（all P<0.05）. Age，monthly income，employment form，hospital level，and the number of patients managed per day entered the regression equation（all P<0.05）. The structural equation model showed that work stress had a positive predictive effect on occupational burnout（β=0.355） and a negative predictive effect on personal status（β=-0.327）. Social support could reduce work stress and feelings of occupational burnout（β=-0.771，-0.337），while also having a positive predictive effect on personal status（β=0.280）（all P<0.01）. Conclusion Young age and high work pressure are risk factors for occupational burnout among psychiatric medical staff，and can significantly affect personal physical and work status. It is necessary to further strengthen training and guidance for young employees，improve their social support，and effectively reduce the occurrence of occupational burnout.

Application of comprehensive index method in occupational health risk assessment of chemical hazardous factors in the workplaces of phosphoric acid manufacturing enterprises from yellow phosphorus

YANG Jing, NIE Chuanli, WU Jianhua, BAO Liqin, DUAN Pingning, HUANG Ji

2026, 42(19):  2613-2617. 

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Objective To understand the distribution and exposure levels of occupational disease hazard factors in a phosphate production enterprise in Fangchenggang City，accurately predict its occupational health risk level，and provide reasonable and effective occupational disease hazard control measures for the enterprise. Methods Taking a certain phosphoric acid production enterprise in Fangchenggang City of Guangxi as the research object，the current situation of occupational disease hazards was evaluated in December 2022. Through on-site investigations in occupational health，data on the physical and chemical properties and toxicological characteristics of chemical hazardous factors were collected for comprehensive analysis to determine the risk level. The exposure concentration and exposure index of chemical hazardous factors obtained through on-site detection in occupational health and laboratory analysis were used to determine the exposure level. Then，the comprehensive index method was used for occupational health risk assessment. Results The arsine risk index at the filter press and the phosphorus pentasulfide feeding port was 4，which was at a high-risk level. The risk index of yellow phosphorus in the phosphorus melting tank，phosphorus pentoxide in the combustion tower and hydration tower，phosphorus pentoxide，phosphoric acid，phosphorus pentoxide，hydrogen sulfide，arsenic and their compounds at the filter press and the phosphorus pentoxide feeding port was 3，which was at a medium risk level. The hydrogen sulfide risk index of the degassing tank and the tail gas absorption tower was 2，which was at a low-risk level. Conclusion The comprehensive index method can comprehensively understand the distribution and exposure level of occupational disease hazard factors in enterprises，accurately assess the occupational health risk level of enterprises，and propose reasonable and effective occupational disease hazard control measures for enterprises，thereby reducing the occupational hazard risks of enterprises.

Impact of workplace communication pressure and psychological resilience on occupational burnout among internal medicine nurses

ZHENG Chanjuan, JIANG Li, QIU Wenying, ZHOU Jingjing, JIN Jing, DING Ling

2026, 42(19):  2618-2622. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of workplace communication stress，psychological resilience，and job burnout among internal medicine nurses and analyze their influencing factors. To investigate the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between workplace communication stress and job burnout among internal medicine nurses，thereby providing objective evidence for reducing the level of job burnout among internal medicine nurses and improving clinical nursing efficiency. Methods From January to May 2025，194 internal medicine nurses from eight grade-A tertiary general hospitals in Wuhan were randomly selected as the research subjects using a random number table. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the current status of workplace communication stress，psychological resilience，and job burnout，and to analyze their influencing factors. Stepwise regression was used to analyze the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between workplace communication stress and job burnout among internal medicine nurses. Results The scores of workplace communication stress，psychological resilience and job burnout of internal medicine nurses were （29.36±5.12），（96.62±16.48） and （60.93±13.28）points，respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the scores of workplace communication stress，psychological resilience and job burnout among internal medicine nurses of different ages，total clinical nursing working hours，nursing professional title，average monthly salary，and average number of monthly night shifts（all P<0.05）. Workplace communication stress was negatively correlated with psychological resilience（r=-0.577，P<0.01），and positively correlated with job burnout（r=612，P<0.01）. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with job burnout（r=-0.596，P<0.01）. Psychological resilience partially mediated the effect of workplace communication stress on job burnout among internal medicine nurses，with an effect value of 0.282，accounting for 44.90% of the total effect. Conclusion The psychological resilience of internal medicine nurses plays a partial mediating role between workplace communication stress and job burnout. Nursing managers should pay attention to and improve the psychological resilience of internal medicine nurses，reduce their workplace communication stress and job burnout levels，and improve clinical nursing efficiency.

Retrospective analysis of occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning incidents

ZHOU Xiangling, HU Liecong, LI Tongfei, QIAN Leyi, LIANG Jing, MA Zheng

2026, 42(19):  2623-2626. 

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Objective To analyze the characteristics，causes，and risk factors of occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning incidents，and provide a basis for prevention strategies. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on enterprises and patients involved in chronic n-hexane poisoning incidents that occurred in a city in Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2024. Data from on-site occupational health surveys，workplace n-hexane concentration measurements，and clinical and diagnostic records were collected to analyze the causes of occupational chemical poisoning resulting from n-hexane exposure. Results All three incidents occurred in small enterprises using n-hexane-containing solvents for cleaning and wiping operations，resulting in poisoning of 7 employees. Occupational hygiene investigations showed that incident A workstations had short-term exposure concentration（C_STE） of 806.1-1 023.3 mg/m³，exceeding the limit by a factor of 5.7；Incident B workstations had exposure concentration of time weighted average（C_TWA） of 0.8-712.0 mg/m³，exceeding the limit by a factor of 7.1，and C_STE of 1.4-1 007.4 mg/m³，exceeding the limit by a factor of 5.6；Incident C workstations had C_TWA of 34.9-89.7 mg/m³ and C_STE of 44.2-520.7 mg/m³，exceeding the limit by a factor of 2.9. Analysis of raw materials showed that the percentage of n-hexane peak area in the cleaning agents used by the involved enterprises ranged from 10.88% to 12.42%. Clinical diagnosis included 6 cases of severe occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning and 1 case of moderate poisoning. All patients presented with typical peripheral neuropathy，and electromyography showed peripheral nerve damage in all four limbs. The investigation identified common problems across all three enterprises，including improper workshop layout，poor ventilation，unsystematic use of chemical solvents，and a failure to fulfill their primary responsibilities for occupational health. Conclusion Occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning is an occupational disease characterized by its insidious onset and tendency for cluster outbreaks，and the risk is particularly high in small and micro-sized enterprises. The main responsibility of enterprises should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of n-hexane poisoning incidents.

Occupational disease hazards detection analysis and countermeasure research in a theme park in Beijing

PANG Zhiqiang, PAN Xingfu, LI Longyu, ZHANG Hongda

2026, 42(19):  2627-2632. 

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Objective To identify and investigate occupational hazard factors present in a theme park in Beijing，measure their exposure levels，evaluate the effectiveness of existing occupational protection facilities，and propose targeted control measures and improvement recommendations based on the evaluation results. Methods In May 2025，key hazard points were identified through field surveys and engineering analysis. The concentrations/intensities of occupational hazard factors to which workers were exposed were monitored，and all collected information was systematically analyzed and evaluated. Results The main occupational hazards identified included dust，ozone，hydrochloric acid，isopropanol，acetone，noise，laser radiation，and hand-transmitted vibration. Noise exposure exceeded the permissible limits for the technician and model artist in the horticulture department，with 8-hour equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels（L_{EX，8 h}） of 88.2 and 94.4 dB（A），corresponding to Grade I（low hazard） and Grade Ⅱ（moderate hazard） exposure classifications，respectively. Concentrations of dust and chemical toxicants，as well as noise levels at other positions，all complied with occupational exposure limits. The enterprise's occupational hazard protection facilities，emergency rescue equipment，allocation of personal protective equipment，and occupational health surveillance were generally in line with relevant regulatory requirements. Conclusion There are many types of occupational hazards in this enterprise. The enterprise reduces personnel exposure through engineering modifications and other means，shortens work time through job rotation to reduce frequency and duration of exposure，and provides workers with appropriate personal protective equipment，but close attention should be placed on positions with significant noise hazards. It is recommended to maintain regular monitoring and ensure both the effectiveness of protective facilities and the correct use of personal protective equipment.

Analysis of characteristics of newly reported occupational pneumoconiosis in Hanzhong City from 2017 to 2024

XIA Xiaole, ZHANG Zhiqiang, XU Min

2026, 42(19):  2633-2637. 

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Objective To understand the incidence characteristics of newly reported occupational pneumoconiosis in Hanzhong City from 2017 to 2024，and provide scientific basis for the prevention，control and supervision of occupational pneumoconiosis. Methods Collect data on occupational disease cases diagnosed by occupational disease diagnosis institutions in Hanzhong City from 2017 to 2024，with a focus on summarizing and analyzing the reporting time，pneumoconiosis type，pneumoconiosis period，dust-exposed working years，gender，age，location，type of enterprise，and distribution of enterprise scale. Results From 2017 to 2024，91 new cases of occupational pneumoconiosis were reported in Hanzhong City，primarily silicosis（73 cases，80.22%） and coal worker's pneumoconiosis（18 cases，19.78%）. Stage Ⅰ pneumoconiosis was the most common（41 cases，45.05%），followed by stage Ⅱ pneumoconiosis（34 cases，37.36%），with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis being the least frequent（16 cases，17.58%）. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of stages between silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis（χ²=7.029，P<0.05），with the proportion of stage Ⅲ being significantly higher in coal worker's pneumoconiosis than in silicosis. All cases were male，and the age of onset was mainly 40-<60 years old（86 cases，94.51%）. The most common incidence of the disease occurred within 5-<10 years of exposure to dust（33 cases，36.26%），followed by 2-<5 years（24 cases，26.37%）. Silicosis was mainly distributed in Lueyang County（68.49%），while coal worker pneumoconiosis was mainly concentrated in Zhenba County（94.44%）. The industry was mainly concentrated in the mining industry（84 cases，92.31%），with private enterprises as the main economic type（84 cases，92.30%），and small enterprises being the largest in terms of enterprise size（78 cases，85.71%）. There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of different pneumoconiosis diseases with different work experience groups，regions，and economic types of enterprises（all P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the composition ratio of pneumoconiosis stage Ⅲ with various counties and districts，and economic types of enterprises（both P<0.05）. Conclusion The main types of occupational pneumoconiosis in Hanzhong City are silicosis and coal worker pneumoconiosis，and there are differences in the incidence characteristics of occupational pneumoconiosis. Lueyang County and Zhenba County should be listed as key areas，with mining industry as the key industry and small and private enterprises as the key enterprises. Relevant departments should implement the main responsibility of enterprises，carry out targeted governance work，and reduce the incidence of occupational pneumoconiosis.

Mortality survey among patients diagnosed with occupational diseases in Jiangsu Province in 2023

LI Yanping, ZHAO Yuan

2026, 42(19):  2638-2642. 

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Objective To understand the mortality characteristics of confirmed occupational disease cases reported in Jiangsu Province in 2023，analyze the underlying causes and features of reported occupational disease deaths，in order to provide a reference for formulating occupational disease prevention and control policies. Methods An analysis was performed on the deaths among confirmed occupational disease patients in Jiangsu Province in 2023，including gender ratio，spectrum of diseases，regional differences，distribution of age at death，and average disease course of the fatal cases. Results In 2023，a total of 235 fatal cases of confirmed occupational diseases were collected in Jiangsu Province. The male-to-female ratio was 22.5∶1. The age at death was predominantly concentrated in the older age groups，with the 70-<90 years group being the most prevalent（183 cases）. Yancheng City reported the highest number of deaths，totaling 59 cases. Among the 235 fatalities，pneumoconiosis accounted for 218 cases （92.7%），representing the primary occupational disease leading to death. The distribution of specific pneumoconiosis types（silicosis，coal workers' pneumoconiosis，asbestosis，and other types） among deceased patients showed a statistically significant difference between genders（P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant differences in the disease course and age at death among the deceased pneumoconiosis patients（both P>0.05）. The main underlying causes of death for confirmed occupational disease patients in Jiangsu Province were pneumoconiosis itself，cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases，and other respiratory system diseases attributable to pneumoconiosis. Conclusion The predominant fatal occupational disease among deceased patients in Jiangsu Province in 2023 was pneumoconiosis，with variations in the proportional mortality across different age groups and regions. The primary underlying causes of death among diagnosed occupational disease patients in Jiangsu Province were pneumoconiosis，cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases，and other pneumoconiosis-related respiratory diseases. It is recommended to enhance the prevention and diagnosis of pneumoconiosis，with particular attention to the rehabilitation and treatment of elderly patients. Supervision should be strengthened in industries and regions with significant dust hazards to establish a more efficient occupational disease prevention and control system.

Determination of 1，2-dibromoethylene in workplace air by solvent desorption gas chromatography

WU Xuemei, LAN Hongjun, LI Shaoying, FENG Yaoji, LI Pengbin, CHEN Guanlin

2026, 42(19):  2643-2647. 

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Objective To develop a solvent desorption-gas chromatographic（GC） method for quantifying 1，2-dibromoethylene levels in workplace air. Methods 1，2-dibromoethylene was sampled using activated charcoal tubes and subsequently desorbed with an isopropanol-carbon disulfide mixture（V/V，1/49）. Separation was achieved on a nitrobenzoic acid modified polyethylene glycol strongly polar column（DB-FFAP capillary column），followed by detection using a flame ionization detector（FID）. Results The detection limit was 0.23 mg/L for 1，2-dibromoethylene. The concentration range of 1，2-dibromoethylene was 0.87-891.30 mg/L，and the calibration curve was described by the regression equation y=0.659 7x，with a correlation coefficient（r） of 0.999 7. The method's minimum detectable concentration was 0.15 mg/m³（based on a 1.5 L air sample）. Desorption efficiencies ranged from 98.3% to 100.6%. Precision，expressed as relative standard deviation（RSD），ranged from 0.9% to 1.5% for intra-batch and from 0.8% to 2.0% for inter-batch. Samples exhibited stability at room temperature for at least 10 days. Conclusion This established GC method is characterized by operational simplicity，good precision，and high sensitivity，making it suitable for routine monitoring of 1，2-dibromoethylene in workplace air.

Treatise——Epidemiology and Preventive Health Care

Epidemic characteristics and trend analysis of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu District of Shanghai from 2005 to 2023

ZHANG Zhen, LI Hui, YE Weiwei, CHENG Jun

2026, 42(19):  2648-2653. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu District of Shanghai from 2005 to 2023，and analyze the change and trend of the incidence，so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control work of acute viral hepatitis in the next stage in Yangpu District of Shanghai. Methods All viral hepatitis cases with current addresses in Yangpu District reported online from January 2005 to December 2023 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Excel 2007 and SPSS 18.0 softwares were used for data sorting and statistical analysis. Statistical methods mainly include descriptive statistical analysis，Chi-square test，Chi-square trend test，moving average and so on. The epidemic data of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu District of Shanghai from 2005 to 2023 were analyzed. Results From 2005 to 2023，the average annual incidence of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu district of Shanghai was 10.32 per 100 000 people，showing a downward trend（χ²_trend=493.633，P<0.01）. The incidence rate of hepatitis A fluctuated at a low level（χ²=44.743，P<0.01），the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B showed a significant downward trend（χ²_trend=175.981，P<0.01），the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C declined significantly and then leveled off（χ²_trend=47.131，P<0.01），the incidence rate of hepatitis E increased slightly（χ²=59.866，P<0.01），and the incidence rate of undifferentiated hepatitis showed a significant downward trend（χ²_trend=905.702，P<0.01）. The composition of acute hepatitis types had undergone significant changes in the past two decades，with hepatitis E gradually replacing undifferentiated hepatitis as the dominant type of acute hepatitis in Yangpu District. The male to female ratio of viral hepatitis incidence was 1.50 ∶ 1，and the difference in incidence rate between men and women was statistically significant（χ²=95.971，P<0.01）. The main population affected was those aged 40-<70 years old，and the difference in incidence rate among different age groups was statistically significant（χ²=307.403，P<0.01）. Acute viral hepatitis occurred in all 12 streets of Yangpu District，with Yinhang Street and Wujiaochang Street having the highest number of reported cases，with the peak incidence occurring in March each year. Conclusion The incidence rate of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu District showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2023，and the proportion of acute viral hepatitis composition changed significantly. Hepatitis E has become the dominant type of acute viral hepatitis in Yangpu District，with the incidence rate rising slightly. It is suggested that Yangpu District should continue to strengthen the surveillance of acute viral hepatitis in the future and prevent the occurrence of acute viral hepatitis clusters. Health education，vaccination and other intervention measures can be considered among high-risk populations，and attention should be paid to strengthening the surveillance，prevention and control of hepatitis E.

Study on the role path of work-family conflict and organizational support in occupational withdrawal behavior of emergency department nurses in 8 tertiary general hospitals in Sichuan Province

TIAN Qing, YAN Yuanjun, YONG Yalan, YANG Nan

2026, 42(19):  2654-2659. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of career withdrawal behavior among emergency nurses in tertiary general hospitals of Sichuan Province and analyze the influencing factors，and to explore the mediating effect of work-family conflict between organizational support and career withdrawal behavior，so as to provide evidence for reducing nurses' career withdrawal behavior. Methods From May to June 2025，356 emergency nurses from eight tertiary general hospitals in Sichuan Province were recruited by random sampling. General information questionnaire，organizational support scale，work-family conflict scale，and career withdrawal behavior scale were used to investigate the survey subjects，and the data were analyzed. Results The organizational support score of 356 emergency department nurses from tertiary general hospitals in Sichuan Province was （49.46±10.31）points，the work-family conflict score was （36.50±6.72）points，and the career withdrawal behavior score was （35.63±7.76）points. Correlation analysis revealed that organizational support was negatively correlated with work-family conflict and career withdrawal behavior（all P<0.05），whereas work-family conflict was positively correlated with career withdrawal behavior（all P<0.05）. Multivariate analysis indicated that exposure to workplace violence，employment status，weekly night-shift frequency，monthly personal income，organizational support，and work-family conflict were the main influencing factors of career withdrawal behavior（all P<0.05）. Work-family conflict partially mediated the relationship between organizational support and career withdrawal behavior， with a mediation effect value of -0.289，accounting for 73.9% of the total effect. Conclusion The organizational support，work-family conflict，and career withdrawal behavior of 356 emergency department nurses in tertiary general hospitals in Sichuan Province are at a moderate to high level. Career withdrawal behavior is more pronounced among nurses who work more night shifts，are not on permanent contracts，have lower incomes，or have experienced workplace violence. Work-family conflict partially mediates the relationship between organizational support and career withdrawal behavior. Managers should implement targeted interventions based on demographic characteristics，combined with the relationship between work-family conflict and organizational support on career withdrawal behavior，to enhance nurses' perceived organizational support and reduce work-family conflict，thereby decreasing their career withdrawal behavior.

Research on the risk perception and coping behaviors of public health emergency among rural residents in Shaanxi Province

XIAO Sitong, SHI Mengrui, ZHAI Yixin, SUN Yenan, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Zhigang

2026, 42(19):  2660-2665. 

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Objective To understand the risk perception level，coping behaviors and influencing factors of public health emergency among rural residents in Shaanxi Province，and to provide a theoretical basis for the emergency management of public health emergency in rural areas. Methods From July to September 2024，rural residents aged 15 to 74 from 41 counties（districts） across 9 cities in Shaanxi Province were selected as research objects using stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire on risk perception and coping behaviors toward public health emergency was developed，field investigations were conducted，descriptive analysis and inferential comparisons were performed. Results The proportion of rural residents in Shaanxi Province with a relatively high level of risk perception regarding public health emergency was 43.31%，with statistically significant differences across regions，age groups，and length of annual residence in the village within a year（χ²=37.629，33.793，9.411，all P<0.05）. The equalization scores of risk perception for disease severity，disease controllability，severity of health impact and possibility of infection were 0.68，0.72，0.80 and 0.83，respectively. Radar charts indicated that villagers had a better understanding of infection possibility，while a poorer understanding of disease severity and disease controllability. A total of 62.38% of villagers had received relevant publicity and education on public health emergency，and their risk perception level（45.00%） was significantly higher than that of those who had not（40.52%）（χ²=6.251，P<0.05）. Residing in the Guanzhong and Southern Shaanxi regions were risk factors for villagers' risk perception levels，while being aged ≥30 years，residing in the village ≥10 months per year，having a family member with a bachelor's degree or higher，and having school-aged children were protective factors（all P<0.05）. The top three channels through which villagers obtained information on public health emergency were government or village committee notifications（38.32%），short videos such as those on douyin（22.90%），and television/radio broadcasts（19.04%）. Additionally，87.02% of villagers considered the authenticity of information，and 76.12% continuously followed updates on ongoing events. In the event of a public health emergency，94.37% of villagers would follow arrangements made by the village committee or government，and 93.30% were willing to provide assistance within their capacity. Conclusion The risk perception level of rural residents in Shaanxi Province regarding public health emergency needs improvement，while their coping behaviors are relatively satisfactory. Targeted efforts should focus on residents in the Guanzhong and Southern Shaanxi regions，those aged <30，and those with lower education levels，emphasizing education on the severity and controllability of public health emergency to enhance risk perception and reinforce coping behaviors.

Analysis of causes and trends of death among residents in Anqing City from 1984 to 2023

WANG Jinsheng, JIANG Yan, CHEN Jiwen, WANG Shijun

2026, 42(19):  2666-2671. 

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Objective To analyze the changes in the ranking and composition of causes of death among residents in Anqing City from 1984 to 2023，and provide scientific basis for the formulation of relevant health policies in the future. Methods Collect the mortality surveillance data in Anqing City from 1984 to 2023，establish a database using EpiData 3.1，and analyze it using Excel 2007，SPSS 27.0，and Joinpoint 5.2.0.0. Results From 1984 to 2023，the crude mortality rate in Anqing City was 512.34/100 000，and the standardized mortality rate was 571.84/100 000，showing an annual declining trend[average annual percent change（AAPC）= -3.712，P<0.01]. Male mortality was significantly higher than female mortality（χ²=1259.766，P<0.01）. The top five causes of death were malignant tumors（29.44%，150.82/100 000），cerebrovascular diseases（17.89%，91.67/100 000），heart diseases（14.75%，75.60/100 000），respiratory diseases（14.30%，73.26/100 000），and injuries/poisoning（8.52%，43.66/100 000）. The standardized mortality rates for these top five causes all showed declining trends（AAPC=-1.967，-4.181，-1.573，-5.932，-4.670，all P<0.05）. However，the crude mortality rates for malignant tumors（AAPC=0.966，P<0.05） and heart diseases（AAPC=1.684，P<0.01） exhibited increasing trends. For the 0-<15 and 15-<45 age group，injuries/poisoning were the leading cause of death，while malignant tumors ranked first in the 45-<65 and ≥65 age group. Mortality rates across all age groups showed declining trends（AAPC=-6.677，-3.882，-4.110， -2.454，all P<0.01）. Conclusion From 1984 to 2023，the standardized mortality rate of residents in Anqing showed a declining trend，and the health level of residents has significantly improved. Currently，chronic diseases such as malignant tumors and cardiovascular diseases are still the main causes of death in Anqing City. It is necessary to further strengthen the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases，enhance early diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors，promote nutrition and body mass control，and improve disease prevention and control strategies for aging population.

Treatise——Environment and Health

Regression trend analysis of mortality changes and years of life lost in the entire population of Baoji City in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2024

WANG Honglin, DENG Feng, ZHAO Li

2026, 42(19):  2672-2677. 

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Objective Based on the mortality surveillance data of the permanent population in Baoji City from 2020 to 2024，this study aims to calculate the regression trend on changes in resident mortality and years of life lost（YLL） indicators to identify major health issues and propose further prevention and control measures. Methods Collect mortality surveillance data of the entire population in Baoji City from 2020 to 2024，and analyze relevant indicators such as crude mortality rate，standardized mortality rate，annual percent change（APC），linear regression trends，composition of major disease-specific deaths，ranking of causes of death， premature mortality probability of four major chronic diseases，average life expectancy，years of life expectancy lost，and potential years of life lost（PYLL） for leading causes of death. Results The reported crude mortality rates in Baoji City from 2020 to 2024 were 660.14/100 000，778.21/100 000，841.92/100 000，916.93/100 000，and 808.65/100 000，respectively. Annual mortality rates were significantly higher in males than females（all P<0.05）. Regression analysis revealed increasing trends in mortality rates for lung cancer，gastric cancer，colorectal and anal cancer，pancreatic cancer，accidental falls，and accidental poisoning，with pancreatic cancer and accidental falls showing the fastest crude mortality rate increases（APC=16.77%，13.31%，both P<0.05）. Chronic diseases dominated the three major categories of deaths，accounting for over 90% of cases. The top five causes of death were heart disease，cerebrovascular disease，malignant tumors，respiratory diseases，and injury/poisoning，collectively constituting 89.57%-93.45% of total deaths. The average life expectancy ranged from 78.14 to 80.39 years，and the premature mortality probability of major chronic diseases was 12.99%-14.34%. Malignant tumors ranked first in PYLL rate（6.92‰-7.96‰），while heart disease had the greatest impact on life expectancy loss（4.58-5.73 years）. No statistically significant differences were observed in average PYLL and years of life expectancy lost across each type of disease in each year（F=0.075，0.016，both P>0.05）. Conclusion The change in the mortality rate of residents in Baoji City from 2020 to 2024 was stable. Heart disease，cerebrovascular disease，malignant tumors，injury poisoning and respiratory diseases were still the main causes of death，and the resulting loss of life expectancy was serious.

Analysis of nitrate nitrogen pollution levels and health risks assessment in rural drinking water in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2024

JI Xiuliang, YANG Junsheng, XIE Xiaoyuan, PU Changqing, GUO Xuebin, LI Xiaoping

2026, 42(19):  2678-2682. 

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Objective To understand the exposure level of nitrate nitrogen in rural drinking water in Qinghai Province，assess the health risk of the population，and provide technical support for the improvement work of rural water supply. Methods Monitoring of nitrate nitrogen was conducted on 26 181 samples of rural drinking water in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2024. Ion chromatography was used to determine the mass concentrations of nitrate nitrogen. The compliance of nitrate nitrogen was evaluated according to the GB 5749-2022 "Sanitary Standards for drinking water". The health risk of exposure to nitrate nitrogen through the drinking water route was evaluated according to the WS/T 777-2021 "Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substance". Results A total of 26 181 rural drinking water samples was monitored in Qinghai Province，with a mean nitrate nitrogen concentration of 1.77 mg/L，and the nitrate nitrogen compliance rate was 97.90%. Statistically significant differences in the compliance rate of water samples were observed across different years，water periods，water source types，water treatment methods and regions（all P<0.05）. From 2015 to 2024，the non-carcinogenic risks（P₅₀，P₉₅） for all age groups were below 1，among which the non-carcinogenic risk（P₅₀，P₉₅） of nitrate nitrogen in drinking water of 2-<3 years old group was the highest，at 0.065，0.273，respectively. Conclusion The non-carcinogenic risks of nitrate nitrogen in rural drinking water in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2024 is relatively low. Although the age group of 2-<3 has the highest risk，it is still within the safe threshold（HQ<1）. However，special attention should be paid to the nitrate nitrogen exposure level of rural drinking water sourced from groundwater. It is suggested to carry out continuous monitoring and transform the water treatment process to ensure the safety of residents' drinking water.

Treatise——School Health

Effectiveness evaluation of rural drinking water safety and spatiotemporal disturbance analysis of wellness tourism in Miyi County of Panzhihua City

CUI Shasha, CHEN Ying, SONG Wulu, HU Changjiang

2026, 42(19):  2683-2687. 

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Objective To evaluate the improvement effect of the Rural Revitalization Strategy on rural drinking water safety in Miyi County of Panzhihua City based on monitoring data of four key microbial indicators，including standard plate-count bacteria，total coliforms，thermotolerant coliform bacteria，and Escherichia coli，and explore the spatiotemporal disturbance effects induced by the development of wellness tourism. Methods From 2017 to 2024，a total of 1 102 drinking water samples were collected annually during the summer and winter from fixed monitoring sites in 12 townships of Miyi County. The samples were tested for standard plate-count bacteria，total coliforms，thermotolerant coliform bacteria，and Escherichia coli in accordance with the corresponding versions of GB/T 5750 "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water". Data were analyzed using χ² tests，χ² test for trend，and multivariate Logistic regression models. Results During the implementation of the Rural Revitalization policy，the comprehensive pass rate of microbial indicators in drinking water significantly increased from 50.5% in 2017 to 81.0% in 2024，and the item-based pass rate rose from 59.9% to 89.3%. Wellness tourism caused significant spatiotemporal disturbances.The pass rates for all microbial indicators in high-exposure areas during winter were significantly lower than those during summer，and the risk of total coliform non-compliance significantly increased in winter（OR=0.304，95%CI：0.206-0.449）. Furthermore，there were significant regional structural disparities in drinking water safety，with the comprehensive microbial pass rate in high-risk zones （60.5%） being significantly lower than that in consolidated zones（69.5%）（P<0.01）. Conclusion The Rural Revitalization Strategy has significantly improved the safety of rural drinking water in Miyi County. However，the seasonal pressure from wellness tourism，coupled with the risk structure in vulnerable zones characterized primarily by decentralized water supply，together constitute a new challenge. It is imperative to establish a water quality-tourism load linkage early warning mechanism，prioritize interventions in vulnerable zones，and implement comprehensive improvement projects focused on pipe network extension and the upgrading of decentralized water supply points.

Development and validation of a competency scale for medical students based on "Four-New" construction

ZHANG Wenbin, ZHANG Zhiyi, WANG Yongjie, WANG Shihong, DING Yuanlin, KONG Danli

2026, 42(19):  2688-2696. 

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Objective Based on the "Four-New" construction initiative of new engineering，new medicine，new agricultural science，and new humanities，this study aimed to develop and validate a competency scale for medical students to provide a tool for medical education quality assessment. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate 1 503 medical students（46.20% in clinical medicine majors，60.90% aged 21-<24 years）. The scale comprised three first-level dimensions：physical and mental qualities（6 second-level dimensions including political ideology and ethical behavior，19 items），professional competency（12 second-level dimensions such as professional responsibility and critical thinking，53 items），and practical innovation thinking（14 second-level dimensions including interdisciplinary collaboration and digital literacy，58 items）. Confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） and reliability/validity tests were employed to validate the scale. Results The scale demonstrated excellent reliability：Cronbach's alpha coefficients for primary dimensions all exceeded 0.990，while sub-dimension coefficients ranged from 0.951 to 0.992. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit（RMSEA=0.051-0.052，CFI=0.969-0.993）. Descriptive statistics showed that professional responsibility and ethical behavior had the highest scores in core competencies，with scores of （4.44±0.75） and （4.48±0.75）points，while interdisciplinary collaboration，experimental design，and big data application had lower scores，with scores of （3.84±0.92），（3.88±0.92），and （3.82±0.94）points，respectively，and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between professional responsibility and ethical behavior（r=0.902， P<0.05），as well as a high degree of linkage between innovative thinking and interdisciplinary competence（r=0.873，P<0.05）. Conclusion This scale can be used to evaluate the multidimensional competence of medical students，and it is urgent to cultivate their innovative thinking and health big data application abilities through interdisciplinary curriculum integration and digital practice platform construction.

Influence of medical students' professional identity on learning burnout and the chain mediating effect of career calling and learning engagement

HUANG Qiulin, DOU Yue, NONG Ningliang, ZOU Zengli

2026, 42(19):  2697-2702. 

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Objective To investigate the relationship between medical students' professional identity and learning burnout，and the role of career calling and learning engagement in this relationship. Methods In January 2024，a questionnaire survey was conducted on 1 259 medical students using the professional identity scale，the career calling scale，the learning burnout scale，and the learning engagement scale. PROCESS was used to test the mediating effect. Results The score of medical students' learning burnout was at a medium level[（3.11±0.56）points]. Professional identity，career calling and learning engagement were negatively correlated with learning burnout（all P<0.01）. Professional identity could significantly negatively predict the level of learning burnout of medical students（β=-0.332，P<0.01）. Career calling and learning engagement played a chain mediating role between medical students' professional identity and learning burnout，with a mediating effect value of -0.255，accounting for 77% of the total effect. Conclusion Professional identity can not only directly affect the level of learning burnout of medical students，but also indirectly affect learning burnout through the role of career calling and learning engagement.

Analysis of the current situation and influencing factors of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2023

GU Xinkang, ZHANG Kairui, XU Haixia, BA Teer

2026, 42(19):  2703-2707. 

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Objective To understand the status of myopia among children and adolescents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，analyze the daily life factors associated with myopia in this population，and provide a basis for the Autonomous Region to develop myopia prevention and control measures. Methods In October 2023，stratified and cluster sampling were used to conduct uncorrected visual acuity testing，non-cycloplegic refraction examination，and questionnaire survey on 53 978 primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Univariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test to compare the myopia status among children and adolescents with different characteristics，while multivariate analysis was conducted using binary Logistic regression to identify the influencing factors. Results A total of 35 328 myopia students were detected in this study，and the myopia rate was 65.45%. The prevalence was higher in females（68.64%） than in males（62.04%），and higher in urban areas（67.52%） than in village areas（63.08%），and the differences were both statistically significant（χ²_gender=31.697， χ²_region=12 440.572，both P<0.05）. Mild myopia accounted for 65.93%，moderate myopia accounted for 27.20%，and severe myopia accounted for 6.87%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that reading books and screens with little or occasional lying or lying on his stomach，studying for ≤2 hours after school every day，doing eye exercises ≥2 times/d，reading and writing chest more than 1 punch away from the table，eyes more than 1 foot away from books，and sleep time meets the standard were protective factors for myopia（all P<0.05）. Turn off the lights and look at electronic screens after dark，take a close-up eye rest with an eye interval of <1 h，parents are myopic，the number of days of exercising for >60 min per week ≤2 days，number of weekly physical education classes ≤2 sessions，the outdoor activity time during the day in the past week <2 hours，rarely or infrequently adjusting the height of desks and chairs to their own height，and smoking were all risk factors for myopia（all P<0.05）. Conclusion The myopia rate among children and adolescents in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region remains relatively high，with significant disparities across groups. The occurrence of myopia is closely associated with factors such as eye usage habits，study duration，outdoor activities，and physical exercise. Targeted interventions need to be taken to strengthen prevention and control.

Investigation and Research

Comparative study of Logistic regression and random forest models on factors influencing myopia in primary and secondary school students

JIN Lina, XIA Zhiwei, HUANG Na, WANG Lu, WEI Yiyun, CHENG Ruocheng

2026, 42(19):  2708-2712. 

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Objective To identify and compare factors associated with myopia among primary and secondary school students by means of multivariable Logistic regression and random forest analysis，so as to provide multidimensional scientific evidence for myopia prevention and control. Methods From 2019 to 2024，a stratified cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 10 666 students from Grade 4（primary） to Grade 12（senior high） in a district of Beijing City for visual acuity examinations and standardized questionnaires. After univariate screening，multivariable Logistic regression was used to detect risk factors for myopia. A random forest model was constructed to rank the importance of predictors，and variables retained at the point of minimum out-of-bag（OOB） error were regarded as key factors. Results Univariate analysis of 22 myopia-related factors revealed statistically significant differences in the detection rates of screening myopia across 17 factors，including gender，educational stage，classroom seat rotation，whether daily eye exercises ≥2 times or not，whether excessive homework duration，distance between chest and desk，distance between eyes and books，distance between fingers and pen tip，parental reminders regarding reading and writing posture，daily television viewing time，daily computer usage time，daily mobile electronic device usage time，reading or viewing electronic screens while lying or prone，reading or viewing electronic screens while walking or riding in vehicles，daytime outdoor activity duration，sleep status，and parental myopia status（all P<0.05）. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that higher educational stage（junior high OR=3.973，95%CI：3.519-4.484；senior high OR=6.028，95%CI：5.299-6.858），parental myopia（OR=2.561， 95%CI：2.318-2.830），female sex（OR=1.710，95%CI：1.554-1.882），frequent/constant parental reminders on reading-writing posture（OR=1.373，95%CI：1.232-1.530），excessive homework duration（OR=1.190，95%CI：1.080-1.312），and staying in the classroom during breaks（OR=1.164，95%CI：1.041-1.303） were significant risk factors for myopia. In the random forest model，the lowest OOB error was achieved with five variables，the area under the curve（AUC） of the receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC curve） was 0.702， and the top five predictors were educational stage，parental myopia，excessive homework duration，parental reminders on posture，and teacher reminders on posture. Conclusion The Logistic regression model identifies six risk factors，while the random forest model identifies five important factors. Both models consistently identify educational stage，parental myopia，excessive homework duration，and parental reminders on reading-writing posture as the most prominent risk factors for myopia. Cross-validation between the two analytical approaches provides robust scientific evidence for myopia prevention and control strategies.

Overview

Investigation on a family cluster outbreak of pertussis in Hedong District of Tianjin

REN Huiping, LI Yuanheng

2026, 42(19):  2713-2716. 

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Objective To identify the source of infection and analyze the mode of transmission through the investigation and analysis of a family cluster epidemic of pertussis in Hedong District of Tianjin，so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of pertussis. Methods Descriptive methods were used to analyze the epidemiological investigation data，nasopharyngeal swabs and serum samples of cases and close contacts，and immunization history of this epidemic. Results The family cluster outbreak lasted for 36 days from October 15 to November 5，2023，contained 2 cases of pertussis，all of which were laboratory-confirmed cases. The source of infection was children and the mode of transmission was from children to adults. Three close contacts were monitored，one of whom was diagnosed with pertussis，and the second-generation incidence rate was 33.33%. Conclusion Atypical clinical symptoms of pertussis cases may affect the diagnosis of pertussis in medical institutions and delay the prevention and control of pertussis epidemic. It is recommended to strengthen the diagnostic capacity of medical staff for atypical pertussis cases and improve the sensitivity of surveillance reports. Health education for key populations should be done well to explore better immunization strategies for vaccines containing pertussis components to prevent outbreaks of pertussis.

Research progress on psychological resilience of nurses in the workplace

WANG Ning, GENG Jing, GAO Jing, DU Jingjing

2026, 42(19):  2717-2721. 

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Nurses are confronted with various stressors in their work. The stress in nursing work leads to high rates of burnout，depression，anxiety and turnover among nurses. Psychological resilience，as an individual protective factor and coping ability，plays a significant role in regulating and maintaining the physical and mental health of nurses. Research on nurses' psychological resilience in China began to gradually unfold after 2010 and has shown a rapid growth trend since 2019. Studying nurses' psychological resilience must be combined with their professional characteristics and working environment，and the resilience in the workplace is also known as career resilience. Researchers in psychology and organizational behavior have shifted their focus from individual resilience to the study of group and team resilience，and have recognized the necessity of studying resilience at the team level. The research on nurses' psychological resilience in the workplace and the importance of nurses' team psychological resilience have received increasing attention and achieved many research results. This article aims to provide a review of the concept and current research status of nurses' psychological resilience，career resilience/resilience and research progress on nurses' psychological resilience models and measurement tools，in order to provide references for the education and training of nurses' psychological resilience and the formulation of intervention plans，thereby reducing nurse turnover and promoting their mental health.

Research progress on risk assessment of children's lead exposure based on sentinel animals

SUN Yan, ZHANG Yaqun, WANG Minzhen, SHANG Tingting, ZHENG Shan

2026, 42(19):  2722-2726. 

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Blood lead levels in sentinel animals（particularly domestic dogs） show significant correlations with those in children，serving as effective indicators for monitoring lead exposure in children and early warning signals of environmental lead risks to human health. Given that domestic dogs share living environments with children，are exposed to the same lead pollution sources（such as soil，dust，food，and water），and have highly similar exposure pathways，their blood lead levels can directly reflect the potential health risks of environmental lead pollution. The blood lead levels of domestic dogs can thus serve as crucial early warning indicators for human health risks from environmental lead. By monitoring the blood lead levels of domestic dogs before clinical symptoms of lead poisoning appear in children，we can identify environmental lead pollution hazards early，providing scientific evidence for timely intervention measures to protect children's health. This article reviews the correlation between blood lead levels in sentinel animals（with domestic dogs as the focus） and those in children，outlines domestic and international procedures and commonly used methods for health risk assessment of lead exposure，explores pollution sources of lead exposure in children and the origins and migration pathways of lead in the environment，clarifies the effectiveness of sentinel animals as indicators for children's blood lead levels，and analyzes their application prospects in environmental lead exposure monitoring.

Research progress on the effects of sedentary behavior and physical activity on osteoporosis

LIU Yi, DONG Zhenghui, ZHANG Chenxin, ZHANG Liping, MA Xian

2026, 42(19):  2727-2731. 

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Osteoporosis，which causes fragility fractures，chronic pain，and disability，has become one of the major public health burdens worldwide. Prolonged sedentary time and declining physical activity levels are key modifiable risk factors for both the incidence and progression of osteoporosis. This article provides a systematic review and analysis of the multidimensional health impacts of osteoporosis，encompassing fracture risk，somatic pain，limitations in activities of daily living，and psychosocial sequelae. It also examines how sedentary behavior and physical activity influence its onset and progression. Guided by the capability-opportunity-motivation-behaviour（COM-B） model，we identify three overarching determinants of sedentary behavior in osteoporosis patients，including capability，opportunity and motivation. Intended to provide reference for the development of scientific，effective and targeted interventions that reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity in osteoporosis patients in the future.

Research progress on nurses suffering from workplace psychological violence and coping strategies

ZHANG Xiaofang, TONG Jun, WEI Binan, LI Junhua

2026, 42(19):  2732-2736. 

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Workplace psychological violence suffered by nurses not only affects their physical and mental health，but also leads to high job burnout rate，resignation rate and incidence of nursing errors and accidents，which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of nursing team and the improvement of nursing service quality. This article reviews the concept，manifestations，characteristics，current situation and coping measures taken by victims of psychological violence in the workplace for nurses，as well as the assessment tools and influencing factors of psychological violence，and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve nurses' workplace psychological violence. In order to arouse nursing managers' attention to the psychological violence suffered by nurses in the workplace，and to provide reference for the future research on psychological violence in the workplace of nurses and for nursing managers to formulate relevant intervention and prevention measures.