Table of Content

15 October 2026, Volume 42 Issue 20

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Treatise—Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases

Field investigation and critical control point analysis of occupational hazards during track inspection and maintenance on a coal-transporting railway dedicated line in the Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi region

WANG Wei, CHANG Zhiqiang, WANG Bin, WANG Qi, WU Ruixian, LIU Miao

2026, 42(20):  2737-2741. 

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Objective To understand the distribution and exposure levels of occupational hazards during track inspection and maintenance of coal transportation railway sidings，and to identify the critical control points of occupational hazards in the production process of this industry. Methods From March to May 2024，the track inspection and maintenance process of a coal transportation railway sidings in Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi was selected as the investigation object. Comprehensive research methods such as occupational health field investigation and occupational health detection analysis were adopted，and the data were analyzed. Results The main occupational hazards generated during the track inspection and maintenance process of the coal transportation railway sidings included coal dust，silica dust，welding fumes，other dusts，nitrogen oxides，benzene compounds（benzene，toluene，xylene），ozone，manganese dioxide，carbon monoxide，ethyl acetate，acetone，ultraviolet radiation，power frequency electric fields，hand-transmitted vibration，and noise. The results showed that the concentrations of all chemical substances in the workplace during the track inspection and maintenance process of the coal transportation railway sidings were all below 50% of the occupational exposure limits（OELs），with a compliance rate of 100.0%.Workplace noise levels ranged from 79.4 to 107.4 dB（A） with a compliance rate of 22.2%，and the 8-hour equivalent noise exposure for noise-exposed positions was 80.0-101.3 dB（A），with a compliance rate of 28.6%. Conclusion The key control positions in the track inspection and maintenance process of the coal transportation railway sidings are bolt workers，tamping workers，cutting workers，welding workers，and polishing workers，with noise being the key control hazard. Inspection and maintenance enterprises should further enhance protective measures in high-noise，high-toxicity，and high-dust workplaces，improve the distribution and management of personal protective equipment，and regularly conduct occupational health examinations for employees.

Investigation and mediation analysis of emotion regulation，self-denial tendency and job burnout among internal medicine nurses

YANG Wensheng, LI Shan, SHI Qin, CHEN Xi, SUN Yunfei

2026, 42(20):  2742-2746. 

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Objective To investigate the emotional regulation，self-denial tendency，and job burnout status of internal medicine nurses and analyze their influencing factors. The purpose was to examine the mediating role of emotional regulation in the relationship between self-denial tendency and job burnout，thereby providing objective evidence for reducing job burnout among internal medicine nurses and improving clinical nursing efficiency. Methods From January to March 2025，178 internal medicine nurses from 10 tertiary general hospitals in Wuhan were randomly selected as the survey subjects using a random number table. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess emotional regulation，self-denial tendency，and job burnout，and analyze their influencing factors. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations among emotional regulation，self-denial tendency，and job burnout. The mediating role of emotional regulation between self-denial tendency and job burnout was analyzed and validated using the Bootstrap method. Results The emotional regulation score of 178 internal medicine nurses was （41.62±9.85）points，the self-denial tendency score was （49.86±9.64）points，and the job burnout score was （60.46±12.52）points. There were statistically significant differences in the scores of emotional regulation and job burnout among internal medicine nurses of different ages，marital status，clinical nursing professional title，total length of clinical nursing work，average monthly salary and average weekly working hours（all P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the scores of self-denial tendency of internal medicine nurses with different gender，age，marital status，clinical nursing professional title，total length of clinical nursing work and average monthly salary（all P<0.05）. The emotional regulation of internal medicine nurses was negatively correlated with job burnout and self-denial tendency（r=-0.489，-0.536，both P<0.01），while self-denial tendency was positively correlated with job burnout（r=0.582，P<0.01）. Internal medicine nurses' emotion regulation had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between self-denial tendency and job burnout，accounting for 47.80% of the total effect. Conclusion Internal medicine nurses' emotion regulation has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between self-denial tendency and job burnout. Reducing self-denial tendency and improving emotion regulation are conducive to reducing job burnout of internal medicine nurses.

Research on the current status of clinical nurses' work ability and the impact of occupational burnout and sleep quality on it in Urumqi City

HUO Wenxia, WU Ruikai, JU Keke

2026, 42(20):  2747-2753. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of work ability among clinical nurses in Urumqi，and to explore the association between occupational burnout，sleep quality，and work ability，with the aim of providing a reference for formulating strategies to improve the work environment，enhance work efficiency，and promote employee health. Methods From July to October 2025，a convenience sample was used to select nurses from three large-scale grade-A tertiary general hospitals（The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University，The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University，and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University） in Urumqi as the survey subjects. The Maslach burnout inventory，Pittsburgh sleep quality index，and work ability index were used to assess burnout，sleep quality，and work ability of nurses，respectively，and to examine the current status，influencing factors，and mediating effects related to nurses' work ability. Results The detection rates of occupational burnout and sleep disorders were 68.25% and 39.49%，respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the score of work ability based on gender，age，educational level，working seniority，professional title，chronic disease status，weekly exercise frequency，occupational burnout，and sleep quality（all P<0.05）. Occupational burnout and sleep disorders were negatively correlated with work ability（β=-5.123，-3.282，both P<0.01）. There were positive correlations between educational level（with secondary technical school education and below as reference，associate degree：β=2.855，bachelor's degree：β=3.623，master's degree or above：β=4.775，all P<0.01），weekly exercise frequency（with 0 times as reference，1-<3 times：β=0.976，≥5 times：β=2.141，both P<0.01），and work ability score. The absence of hypertension（β=2.426），coronary heart disease（β=2.948），and diabetes（β=2.513） were also positively correlated with work ability scores（all P<0.05）. Furthermore，female gender（β=-1.034），work experience of 11-<21 years（β=-1.061），and senior professional title（β=-1.555） were negatively correlated with work ability scores（all P<0.05）. Structural equation modeling further elucidated the pathways among variables：occupational burnout not only had a direct negative effect on work ability（β=-0.359，P<0.01），but also exerted an indirect effect through the partial mediating role of sleep quality（β=-0.281，P<0.01）. Conclusion Occupational burnout and sleep disorders are prevalent among nurses in Urumqi，and there is an independent and mediating relationship between the two and work ability. Paying attention to and improving nurses’ occupational burnout and sleep quality is of great significance for maintaining their work ability.

Research on the current situation and influencing factors of job burnout among disease prevention and control staff in Jinhua City

PANG Zhifeng, JIN Jie, WANG Juanjuan, SHOU Geli

2026, 42(20):  2754-2759. 

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Objective To understand the current status of job burnout among staff in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention（CDCs） in Jinhua City，analyze its influencing factors，and to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted intervention measures. Methods From December 2024 to February 2025，a cross-sectional study design was conducted using the Maslach burnout inventory general survey（MBI-GS） to anonymously assess burnout among official and contract staff with a tenure of ≥6 months at municipal and county-level CDCs in Jinhua City，and the data were analyzed. Results The M（P₂₅，P₇₅） scores for job burnout，emotional exhaustion，depersonalization，and low personal accomplishment among 915 CDC staff were 2.13（1.61，2.59），1.80（1.20，2.20），1.50（1.00，2.00），and 3.17（2.33，3.83）points，respectively. Job burnout was detected in 728 participants（79.56%），including 673 cases（73.55%） of mild-to-moderate burnout and 55 cases（6.01%） of severe burnout. Professional title/rank，annual income，health status，and average daily sleep duration were all independent influencing factors of job burnout（all P<0.05）. Compared with staff without a professional title/ranke，the risk of job burnout was 2.957 times higher among those with primary rank/staff member title（OR=2.957，95%CI：1.434-6.097），3.176 times higher among those with intermediate rank/chief staff member title（Grade 3-4）（OR=3.176，95%CI：1.429-7.059），and 5.070 times higher among those with associate senior rank/chief staff member title（Grade 1-2）（OR=5.070，95%CI：1.808-14.218）.Compared with staff earning 10 000-<60 000 yuan annually，those with an annual income of ≥210 000 yuan had a lower risk of job burnout（OR=0.327，95%CI：0.109-0.976）. Compared with staff in very good health，those in good health（OR=1.961，95%CI：1.237-3.108） and those in fair/poor health（OR=3.046，95%CI：1.768-5.248） had a higher risk of job burnout. Additionally，participants with an average daily sleep duration of ≥7 hours had a lower risk of job burnout than those with <7 hours（OR=0.653，95%CI：0.438-0.973）. Conclusion Job burnout is prevalent among CDC staff in Jinhua City and is significantly associated with professional title/rank，income level，health status，and daily sleep duration. Relevant departments and CDC need to take targeted measures，such as optimizing the promotion system，promoting salary reform，and strengthening health management and health education to alleviate job burnout，thereby promoting the high-quality development of disease control and prevention undertakings.

Effects of fear of missing out and psychological capital on job burnout in neurosurgery nurses from 12 grade-A tertiary general hospitals in Hebei Province

WANG Lei, ZHANG Huiping, ZHAO Suyun, WANG Ligang, LIU Yanqing, LI Hui

2026, 42(20):  2760-2764. 

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Objective To investigate status of fear of missing out，psychological capital and job burnout of neurosurgery nurses，analyze the impact of fear of missing out and psychological capital on job burnout. Methods From October to December 2024，a convenient sampling method was used to survey 192 nurses from the neurosurgery department of 12 grade-A tertiary general hospitals in Hebei Province using a questionnaire including general information，job burnout，psychological capita and fear of missing out，and the survey data were analyzed. Results The scores of fear of missing out，psychological capital and job burnout of neurosurgery nurses were （32.28±6.74），（92.74±15.38） and （62.36±12.24）points，respectively. The age professional title，total years of work，marital status，average monthly number of shifts and average monthly income were the influencing factors of fear of missing out，psychological capital and job burnout of neurosurgery nurses（all P<0.05）. The fear of missing out of neurosurgery nurses was positively correlated with job burnout（r=0.628，P<0.01），and the psychological capital was negatively correlated with both fear of missing out and job burnout（r=-0.617，-0.536，all P<0.01）. The psychological capital of neurosurgical nurses played a partial mediating role between fear of missing out and job burnout，with a mediating effect of 0.249，accounting for 38.72% of the total effect. Conclusion The psychological capital of neurosurgical nurses plays a partial mediating role between fear of missing out and job burnout，and improving psychological capital while reducing fear of missing out can help reduce the level of job burnout among neurosurgical nurses.

Regulatory effect of Nrf2 on oxidative damage induced by trichloromethane in L02 cells

ZHONG Yuanfang, TAN Shiying, QIU Yibing, HU Liming, ZOU Zhihui, YU Ri'an

2026, 42(20):  2765-2771. 

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Objective To investigate the regulatory effect of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2） on trichloromethane（TCM）-induced oxidative damage in human normal liver cell line L02 cells. Methods L02 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into two groups：a tert-butylhydroquinone（tBHQ） pretreated group and a pure TCM exposed group.The activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT），superoxide dismutase（GSH-Px） and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA） were detected by colorimetric analysis. Relative expression levels of Nrf2，heme oxygenase-1（HO-1），glutamatecysteine ligase catalytic subunit（GCLC） and NAD（P）H：quinoneoxidoreductase1（NQO1） mRNA and protein were determined using RT-PCR and Western blot methods. Results Compared with the control group，the activities of CAT，SOD and GSH-PX in the tBHQ pre-treatment group were significantly increased，and showed an upward trend with increasing exposure dose，while the content of MDA was significantly increased（F=9.396，10.744，13.991，8.991，all P<0.05）. The expression of NQO1 and HO-1 mRNA in L02 cells treated with tBHQ+TCM low，medium，high dose were significantly increased（F=32.724，110.290，both P<0.05）. When the TCM dose was increased to 12 mmol/L，the expression of Nrf2 mRNA and NQO1 protein in L02 cells significantly increased（F=2.612，14.596，both P<0.05），while the expression of GCLC mRNA and protein gradually decreased（F=141.341，13.616，both P<0.05）. Compared with the same doses of pure TCM group，the tBHQ+low-dose TCM group showed a decrease in CAT and SOD activity and an increase in MDA content in L02 cells，while the tBHQ+ medium and high-dose TCM groups showed an increase in CAT，SOD，and GSH-PX activity and a decrease in MDA content in L02 cells（F=32.845，18.018，41.511，37.317，all P<0.05）. The mRNA expression of Nrf2，HO-1，NQO1 and GCLC in L02 cells showed significant increases in the tBHQ+lowand medium-dose TCM groups（F=35.567，191.428，161.252，1314.869，all P<0.05）；The mRNA expression of Nrf2 showed significantly increased in L02 cells in the tBHQ+high-dose TCM group，while the protein expression of Nrf2 was significantly decreased（F=4.150，P<0.05），the protein expression of NQO1 and GCLC were significantly increased（F=31.398，5.048，both P<0.05），and the expression of HO-1 protein was significantly decreased（F=9.421，P<0.05）. Conclusion tBHQ can induce the enhanced expression of Nrf2 signaling factors and further promote the upregulation of its downstream target molecules at both the mRNA transcription and protein synthesis levels.The upregulation of Nrf2 signaling factor can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells and significantly reduce the oxidative stress damage caused by TCM on L02 cells.

Evaluation of matrix effects in the determination of pesticide residues in fruits using QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS

CHEN Qingsheng, ZHUO Zhangpeng, MO Xuman, LIU Cimin, LONG Junbiao, ZHOU Jinsen

2026, 42(20):  2772-2776. 

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Objective To construct a matrix effects（ME） evaluation method for fruit pesticide residues based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS），ensuring the accuracy of the test results. Methods Blank matrices of five fruits（plum，guava，litchi，longan，and red bayberry） were selected. After extraction and purification using the quick，easy，cheap，effective，rugged，safe（QuEChERS） method，six sets of calibration curves were established using acetonitrile and matrix-matched standards. The matrix effects of 20 organic pesticides were assessed within the concentration range of 5-200 μg/L. Results The 20 pesticides exhibited good linearity（r>0.998） in the range of 5-100 μg/L. Matrix effect analysis revealed that for plum，suppression predominated，with 75% of pesticides suppressed and 55% showing strong suppression，possibly related to high organic acid content；Whereas five pesticides including dimethomorph，showed enhancement effects，ranging from 2% to 28%. Both guava and litchi showed 70% enhancement effects（ME up to 115%），with 75% of effects being negligible；Dinotefuran exhibited moderate suppression in both. In longan，95% of pesticides showed enhancement effects（ME up to 174%），with 40% negligible. In red bayberry，60% showed enhancement effects（ME up to 92%），while dinotefuran and carbendazim exhibited moderate suppression. Matrix effects differed significantly among different fruit types. Conclusion The matrix effects of 20 pesticides vary significantly across five types of fruits，with no fruit exhibiting uniformly weak matrix effects. It is recommended to prepare standard curves using the same or similar blank matrices for qualitative and quantitative analysis. This approach can mitigate recovery rate deviations in multi-pesticide residue analysis.

Role of the ASMase/Cer signaling pathway in SiO₂ inducing NIH3T3 cell fibrosis and the intervention effect of rAC

YI Jiping, YANG Xiuhong, WANG Yougen, ZENG Ming

2026, 42(20):  2777-2782. 

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Objective To investigate the role of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide（ASMase/Cer） signaling pathway in silica-induced fibrosis of mouse embryonic lung fibroblasts（NIH3T3） and the intervention effects of recombinant acid ceramidase（rAC），providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of silicosis fibrosis. Methods Primary alveolar macrophages（PAM） were stimulated with 200 μg/mL SiO₂ dust for 12 hours，and the cell culture supernatant was collected and applied to NIH3T3 cells to establish an in vitro cell model of silica-induced pulmonary cell fibrosis. NIH3T3 cells were divided into three groups：control group，SiO₂ stimulation group，rAC intervention group. Each group was treated for 6，12，18，24，36，and 48 hours. The levels of transforming growth factor-β1（TGF-β1），malondialdehyde（MDA），and reactive oxygen species（ROS） in the PAM，as well as the levels of ASMase，Cer，hydroxyproline（HYP），and type III collagen（Col III） expression in NIH3T3 cells were measured. Results Compared with the control group，after stimulation with 200 μg/mL SiO₂ for 12 h，the levels of MDA and ROS in PAM cells，as well as TGF-β1 in the supernatant were increased[（51.605±0.769） vs（37.194±1.017）flu-value/mgpro，（1.250±0.170） vs（0.694±0.098）nmol/mgprot，（2.023±0.013） vs （1.932±0.011）ng/mL]，and the differences were statistically significant（all P<0.05）；In the NIH3T3 cells，HYP content was elevated after exposing to SiO₂ 12-48 h，Col III protein expression and ASMase activity were increased at 24-48 h，and Cer content was raised at 24-36 h，and the differences were statistically significant（all P<0.05）. Compared to the SiO₂ stimulation，the levels of MDA，ROS in PAM cells and TGF-β1 in the supernatant reduced after pretreatment with rAC[（42.830±0.826） vs （51.605±0.769）flu-value/mgpro，（0.903±0.098） vs （1.250±0.170）nmol/mgprot，（1.976±0.012） vs （2.023±0.013）ng/mL]，the differences were statistically significant（all P<0.05）；In NIH3T3 cells，rAC intervention led to significant reductions in HYP content，Col III protein expression，and ASMase activity at 24-48 h，as well as a decrease in Cer content at 18-48 h，and the differences were statistically significant（all P<0.05）. Conclusion In the in-vitro cell model of SiO₂ dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis，the ASMase/Cer signaling pathway is activated. Exogenous rAC can effectively suppress this activation and exert anti-fibrotic effects，suggesting that rAC therapy targeting the ASMase/Cer axis represents a promising new strategy for treating silicotic fibrosis.

Treatise—Food Safety and Nutrition

Survey on the current status of knowledge，attitude，and practice of food safety and nutritional health among rural residents in Guizhou Province

ZENG Hui, WANG Yun, LU Zhaoye, ZHANG Ye, DENG Hai, CHEN Huijuan

2026, 42(20):  2783-2789. 

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Objective To understand the knowledge-attitude-practice（KAP） level of rural residents in Guizhou Province and its influencing factors，and to identify the key health education targets，so as to provide a reference basis for the subsequent development of food safety and nutritional health education to guide rural residents to have a reasonable diet. Methods From October 2024 to January 2025，a convenience sampling survey was conducted on 7 239 rural residents in Guizhou Province using the Wenjuanxing platform to investigate their knowledge of food safety and nutritional health.Unconditional binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of rural residents' KAP on food safety and nutritional health. Results Among the 7 075 rural residents finally included in the study，the primary channel for acquiring food safety and nutrition health knowledge was the internet，with short videos being the most preferred format，and nutrition science content being the most desired topic. The pass rate of rural residents' food safety and nutrition health knowledge was 67.7%，the rate of positive attitude was 66.2%，and the rate of healthy behavior was 81.6%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that，compared with those with junior high school education or below，residents with high school/vocational high school/secondary vocational education，college and above education scored better in food safety and nutrition knowledge，with odds ratios（OR） values of 1.405（95%CI：1.108-1.780），1.766（95%CI：1.399- 2.229），and 1.787（95%CI：1.404-2.274），respectively. Compared with those with incomes 0-<10 000 yuan，residents with incomes of 10 000-<30 000，30 000-<50 000，and ≥50 000 yuan demonstrated better scores in food safety and nutrition knowledge，with OR values of 1.357（95%CI：1.178-1.562），1.309（95%CI：1.122-1.527），and 1.389（95%CI：1.164-1.685），respectively. Compared with males，females demonstrated less positive attitudes toward food safety and nutrition health，OR values were 0.865（95%CI：0.776-0.964），0.876（95%CI：0.797-1.012），and 0.917（95%CI：0.897-1.033），respectively. Compared with those with junior high school education or below，residents with senior high school/vocational high school/technical secondary school，college and above education exhibited more positive attitudes toward food safety and nutrition health，with OR values of 1.476（95%CI：1.187-1.836），1.544（95%CI：1.264-1.886），and 1.700（95%CI：1.387-2.084），respectively. Compared with males，females exhibited healthier food safety and nutrition-related behaviors，with OR values of 1.232（95%CI：1.081-1.405）.The four-quadrant analysis showed that 57.4% were in Quadrant I（good knowledge and healthy behavior），24.2% were in Quadrant II（poor knowledge and healthy behavior），8.1% were in Quadrant III（poor knowledge and unhealthy behavior），and 10.3% were in Quadrant IV（good knowledge and unhealthy behavior）. Conclusion The KAP level of food safety and nutritional health of rural residents in Guizhou Province needs to be improved，and there are still deficiencies in some knowledge and health behaviors. The four-quadrant analysis method identifies the key populations for health education by evaluating the current status of rural residents' KAP，and the relevant departments can take targeted measures according to the weaknesses of different populations and their influencing factors，so as to scientifically and effectively improve the health literacy level of rural residents.

Epidemiological analysis of pathogen monitoring results of foodborne diseases in Binzhou City from 2019 to 2023

NIE Yongguang, LIU Fengxian, LU Bin, SHI Lu, GUO Xiao, WANG Suzhen

2026, 42(20):  2790-2794. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pathogens in foodborne disease cases in Binzhou City，and provide a basis for the prevention of foodborne diseases. Methods The distribution characteristics and serotypes of Salmonella，diarrheagenic Escherichia coli，and norovirus detected through active monitoring of foodborne diseases in Binzhou City from 2019 to 2023 were analyzed. Results A total of 1 109 samples were monitored from 2019 to 2023，from which 207 pathogens were isolated，with an overall detection rate of 18.67%（207/1 109）. The detection rate was highest in 2020 at 8.52%（67/786）. Among the detected pathogens，Norovirus had the highest detection rate，followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli，Salmonella，and Vibrio parahaemolyticus，while Shigella was not detected. Norovirus was detected in the first and fourth quarters，with norovirus genotype II being the predominant type，accounting for 80.56%. Among the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains，enteroaggregative Escherichia coli（EAEC） had a relatively high detection rate（38.67%）. In terms of age groups，the positive detection rate of norovirus was lowest in the ≥60 age group（3.09%），and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The detection rate of norovirus in males（11.40%） was significantly higher than that in females（7.32%），and the difference was statistically significant（χ²=5.070，P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection of Salmonella，Escherichia coli，and norovirus among different types of suspicious food samples（χ²=6.941，5.404，5.581，all P>0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the detection of pathogens among food samples processed by different methods（P>0.05）. Conclusion From 2019 to 2023，foodborne diseases in Binzhou City are mainly caused by norovirus genotype II and EAEC，with a high incidence in autumn and winter，and children and young adults are more susceptible. It is necessary to strengthen the full-chain supervision of food，standardize catering operations，focus on collective venues，and carry out health education.

Current status and dietary risk assessment of 11 common pesticide residues in commercial tea in Xi'an City

QIN Guofu, ZOU Keting, ZHAO Guipeng, ZHANG Pan, LI Yongbo, HE Fengrui

2026, 42(20):  2795-2799. 

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Objective To understand the quality and safety of tea sold in Xi'an City and provide a reference for safe tea drinking among citizens，57 samples of tea were collected from the market，and 11 kinds of common pesticide residues were detected and analyzed，and the risk of pesticide detection in tea was evaluated according to the dietary exposure assessment system. Methods A total of 57 tea samples were collected from February to June 2024. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the pesticide residues in the samples，and dietary risk assessment was conducted. Results Among the 11 pesticides tested，5 pesticides found in the samples，including chlorantraniliprole，beta-cypermethrin，chlorpyrifos-methyl，methomyl，and flufpyr-methyl，with the detection rates of 40.00%，40.00% and 100.00% for Pu'er tea，jasmine tea，and black tea，respectively，and the detection rates were 80.00% and 77.78% for green and black tea，respectively. The lowest detection rate was 12.50% for green tea. Among the 57 samples，20 samples were not detected any pesticides，and the rest of the samples showed a widespread use of mixed pesticides. Although pesticide residues were detected，the chronic intake risk ranged from 0.000 2 to 0.291 2，all within the acceptable range，indicating no significant impact on human health. Conclusion The detected pesticide residues in the tea sold in Xi'an City were generally at a safe level，but mixed pesticides is common and requires strengthened supervision.

Analysis of Bacillus cereus detection in food in Wuxi City from 2012 to 2023

WANG Xiaona, WANG Jinming, GAO Minguo

2026, 42(20):  2800-2804. 

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Objective To understand the contamination of Bacillus cereus in food sold in Wuxi City from 2012 to 2023，and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. Methods According to the requirements of the "Annual Work Manual for Monitoring Food Microorganisms and Their Pathogenic Factors in Jiangsu Province"，727 samples of 10 types of food sold in 8 areas of Wuxi City were randomly collected.The Bacillus cereus was quantitatively detected according to GB4789.14-2014 "National Food Safety Standard-Food Microbiological Examination-Examination of Bacillus cereus"，and statistical analysis was conducted. Results Out of 727 sampled samples，77 were found to contain Bacillus cereus，with a total detection rate of 10.59%.The detection rate was highest in 2013（24.00%），followed by 2016（16.67%） and 2012（15.00%），with a statistically significant difference（χ²=33.027，P<0.05）. Among different types of food，the detection rate of student meals was the highest（16.83%），followed by infant cereal supplements（16.79%），cooked meat products（14.58%），and cooked rice and flour products（13.91%），with a statistically significant difference（χ²=41.874，P<0.05）. The difference in detection rate between bulk food（13.80%） and pre packaged food（7.98%） was statistically significant（χ²=6.440，P<0.05）. The detection rate was highest in the first quarter（33.33%），followed by the third quarter（12.70%），and the difference was statistically significant（χ²=26.691，P<0.05）. The quantitative detection results of Bacillus cereus showed that 57.14%（44/77） had colony counts below 10² CFU/g（mL），37.66%（29/77） had colony counts between 10²-<10⁵ CFU/g（mL），and 5.19%（4/77） had colony counts ≥10⁵ CFU/g（mL）. Among different sampling locations，the detection rate of roadside stalls was the highest（35.00%），followed by collective canteens （14.55%） and online stores（11.63%），and the difference was statistically significant（χ²=39.583，P<0.05）. Conclusion From 2012 to 2023，there was contamination of Bacillus cereus in various commercially available foods in Wuxi City. Special attention should be paid to the contamination of student meals and roadside stalls. Relevant departments should increase supervision，strengthen training and education，and prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Treatise—Epidemiology and Preventive Health Care

Epidemiological and seasonal characteristics analysis of hand，foot，and mouth disease in Huai'an City from 2017 to 2023

ZHANG Wenyi, GAO Qiang, ZHANG Zheng, CAI Ben, SONG Tuanzheng

2026, 42(20):  2805-2810. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological and seasonal characteristics of hand，foot，and mouth disease（HFMD） in Huai'an City，providing a basis for the prevention and control of the disease. Methods Data on clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases of HFMD reported in the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System from 2017 to 2023，with the current address registered as Huai'an City，were collected.The seasonal characteristics were analyzed using concentration degree and circular distribution methods（for periodic decomposition）. Results From 2017 to 2023，a total of 34 049 cases of HFMD were reported in Huai'an City.Single-peak epidemics occurred in 2020 and 2021，while double-peak epidemics were observed in the other years.The regional distribution of average incidence rates showed statistically significant difference（χ²=9 070.208，P<0.05）.The male-to-female ratio of cases was 1.41∶1，and the difference in incidence rates between genders was statistically significant（χ²=1 042.637，P<0.05）. A total of 19 409 cases were reported among children aged 0-<3 years，accounting for 57.00% of the total number of cases.Coxsackievirus A6（CVA6） was the predominant pathogen type in the etiological composition of HFMD in Huai'an City from 2017 to 2023.The concentration degree for each year ranged from 0.30 to 0.82.According to the circular distribution method（periodic decomposition），the peak incidence dates in summer and autumn from 2017 to 2019 were June 1，2017，June 2，2018，and June 4，2019，respectively，and the epidemic peak periods were April 24-July 10，2017，April 23-July 12，2018，and May 1-July 9，2019，respectively. The winter-spring peak days of incidence from 2017 to 2019 were November 14，2017，December 15，2018，and November 15，2019，respectively，and the epidemic peak periods were October 1-December 22，2017，November 2，2018-January 27，2019，and October 14-December 19，2019. The peak days of incidence from 2020 to 2023 were November 20，2020，May 28，2021，September 2，2022 and July 21，2023，respectively，and the epidemic peak periods were October 15-December 26，2020，March 22-August 5，2021，June 3-November 30，2022，and June 13-September 2，2023. Conclusion From 2017 to 2023，HFMD in Huai'an City exhibited distinct seasonal patterns，with the summer-autumn period being the primary epidemic season. Children aged 0-<3 years old were the main affected population.Differences were observed in gender and regional distribution，but no spatial correlation was detected.CVA16 and CVA6 were the dominant types，with CVA6 having the highest etiological composition ratio.The circular distribution method effectively calculated epidemic peak periods and incidence peak days close to actual observations.Strengthened monitoring of HFMD following the emergence of new infectious diseases is essential to identify novel epidemic characteristics and implement scientific prevention and control measures before peak periods，thereby effectively reducing incidence rates.

Analysis of smoking status and influencing factors of smoking behavior among residents in Xiqing District of Tianjin City in the recent five years

CHENG Jia, YAN Shanshan, LI Yixuan, WU Qiannan

2026, 42(20):  2811-2815. 

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Objective To understand the tobacco use status among residents in Xiqing District of Tianjin，analyze the influencing factors of smoking rates，objectively evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco control efforts，and provide a basis for formulating appropriate tobacco control policies. Methods From 2020 to 2022 and in 2024，a stratified multi-stage cluster probability sampling method was employed to select urban and rural permanent residents aged ≥15 years who did not reside in collective housing in Xiqing District for smoking surveys. A total of 4 948 valid questionnaires were collected，and the collected data were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 4 948 people were surveyed in the recent four years，among whom 924 were smokers. The adult smoking rates in Xiqing District from 2020 to 2022 and in 2024 were 23.95%，21.22%，19.76% and 16.08%，respectively，showing a gradual decline with statistically significant differences（χ²=22.728，P<0.01）. Additionally，the daily smoking rates among adults decreased sequentially to 21.92%，19.55%，17.99%，and 14.01%，respectively，with statistically significant differences（χ²=28.286，P<0.01）. Univariate analysis indicated that factors such as gender were associated with smoking rates，showing statistically significant differences（χ²=695.057，P<0.05）.Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the smoking rate among males was 11.586 times higher than that among females，with statistically significant differences（χ²=375.071，P<0.05）. The smoking rate among residents with awareness of the hazards of smoking was 0.384 times higher than that without awareness，and the difference was statistically significant（χ²=11.950，P<0.05）. Conclusion The smoking rate and daily smoking rate among residents aged ≥15 years in Xiqing District of Tianjin showed a downward trend from 2020 to 2022 and in 2024，indicating that tobacco control efforts have achieved favorable outcomes.The gender and awareness of smoking hazards among residents are related to the smoking rate in this area. However，efforts should still be made to intensify public education on the harms of tobacco，raise the public's comprehensive awareness of its hazards，and further reduce smoking rates.

Current status and correlationanalysis of work fatigue risk，dual time pressure，and aging anxiety among clinical shift female nurses

DAI Haiping, LU Ting, HUANG Jixiang, ZHANG Peijuan

2026, 42(20):  2816-2821. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of work fatigue risk，dual time pressure，and aging anxiety among clinical shift female nurses，and the relationship between the three，and to construct a structural equation model to analyze their mechanisms of action. Methods From May to July 2025，a convenience sampling method was used to select 381 clinical shift female nurses from three public hospital in Nantong. Data were collected using general information questionnaire，the work fatigue risk scale for clinical nurses，dual time pressure scale and aging anxiety scale for middle-aged women，and were subsequently analyzed. Results The mean scores for work fatigue risk，dual time pressure，and aging anxiety among 381 clinical shift female nurses were （62.69±18.42），（66.85±13.78） and （64.91±13.08）points，respectively. Work fatigue risk was significantly positively correlated with dual time pressure and aging anxiety（r=0.451，0.575，both P<0.01），and dual time pressure was also significantly positively correlated with aging anxiety（r=0.534，P<0.01）. Structural equation modeling revealed that dual time pressure partially mediated the relationship between work fatigue risk and aging anxiety，with an indirect effect of 0.180，accounting for 29.6% of the total effect. Conclusion The clinical shift female nurses experience a certain level of work fatigue risk，time pressure，and aging anxiety. Work fatigue risk can indirectly influence the level of aging anxiety through dual time pressure. Nursing managers should prioritize time pressure management for shift nurses by optimizing scheduling systems and enhancing time autonomy to promote their physical and mental health.

Investigation of knowledge，attitude and practice regarding severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome among residents in Daxing District of Beijing City

HU Yue, LI Zhiping, LYU Shouming, LI Mengnan, GAO Yanqing, GAN Yadi

2026, 42(20):  2822-2826. 

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Objective To investigate the current status of knowledge，attitude，and practice（KAP） of residents regarding severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome（SFTS） in Daxing District of Beijing City，and analyze the related factors affecting the KAP level regarding SFTS，in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of SFTS in the future. Methods From November to December 2024，a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 946 residents in five towns and streets in Daxing District of Beijing City to investigate the baseline level and the KAP status of the target population with SFTS，and the data were analyzed. Results The awareness rate of protective knowledge for SFTS among 946 residents in Daxing District of Beijing City was 36.47%，protective attitude score was （8.18±2.60）points，and protective behavior score was （2.96±0.97）points. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the awareness rate of protective knowledge among the residents with different towns and streets，genders，ages，educational levels，occupations，duration of residence in Beijing，working environment，and frequency of engaging in outdoor activities（all P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the score of protective attitude among the residents with different towns and streets，ages，educational levels，duration of residence in Beijing，and working environment（all P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the score of protective behavior among the residents with different towns and streets，ages，educational levels，and duration of residence in Beijing（all P<0.05）. The results of multi-factor Logistic regression analysis indicated that the duration of residence in Beijing was an influencing factor on awareness[OR（95%CI）=1.272（1.010-1.602）]. Middle-aged and elderly individuals，as well as those with lower education levels，had lower levels of KAP. Conclusion Residents in Daxing District of Beijing City have a low KAP level regarding SFTS. Therefore，a continuous health education program should be carried out to improve their awareness of self-protection.

Current status of the career plateau of highly educated doctors in grade-A tertiary hospitals in Harbin City and the chain mediating effect of hardiness and perceived social support

CHEN Yingyi, FU Chunfeng, SONG Zilong, MA Tongxing, ZHAO Jingnan, LIU Liping

2026, 42(20):  2827-2832. 

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Objective To understand the current status of career plateau among highly educated doctors in grade-A tertiary hospitals in Harbin City，and analyze the role of their hardiness and perceived social support in the relationship between career plateau and subjective career success. Methods From October 2023 to January 2024，424 highly educated doctors were randomly selected as survey subjects from several municipal grade-A tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Harbin City. The survey was conducted using the general information questionnaire，career plateau scale，hardiness scale，perceived social support scale，and subjective career success scale，and the data were analyzed. Results The total score for the career plateau of highly educated doctors was （51.79±12.87）points，the total score for hardiness was （78.85±11.37）points，the total score for perceived social support was （62.63±11.35）points，and the total score for subjective career success was （50.92±7.94）points. Highly educated doctors' career plateau was negatively correlated with hardiness，perceived social support and subjective career success（r=-0.537，-0.471，-0.358，all P<0.01），hardiness was positively correlated with perceived social support and subjective career success（r=0.543，0.512，both P<0.01），and perceived social support was positively correlated with subjective career success（r=0.519，P<0.01）. Hardiness and perceived social support played a chain mediating role between career plateau and subjective career success，accounting for 22.4% of the total effect. Conclusion The career plateau of highly educated doctors in some municipal grade-A tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Harbin City is at a moderate level. Hardiness and perceived social support serve as chain mediators between career plateau and subjective career success，helping to buffer the negative impact of career plateau and enhance the subjective career success of highly educated doctors.

Study on the salt reduction among residents in a certain district of Qingdao City in 2024

WANG Xuan, SUN Simin, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Bingyin, ZHANG Jintai, ZHANG Li

2026, 42(20):  2833-2838. 

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Objective To investigate the knowledge-attitudes-practice（KAP） related to salt-reduction among residents in a certain district of Qingdao City，as well as their urinary sodium levels and hypertension prevalence，explore the association between salt- reduction KAP and urinary sodium levels and hypertension prevalence，and identify the preferential intervention of salt-reduction KAP and provide a basis for the prevention and control of hypertension. Methods A multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select 350 residents aged 18-69 years in a certain district of Qingdao City for questionnaire surveys and health examination in August 2024. Linear regression and multivariate Logistic regression were used to explore the association between KAP，urinary sodium，and hypertension. Results The proportion of participants with high levels of salt reduction knowledge，attitude，and practice were 67.4%，74.6%，and 44.30%，respectively，and 63.1% of participants had high overall KAP scores. The median urinary sodium level was 112.30 mmol/L，with those having high overall KAP scores showing lower urinary sodium levels，and the difference was statistically significant（Z=-2.141，P<0.05）. The prevalence of hypertension was 36.3%，with the hypertension rate among individuals with high salt reduction behaviors being lower than that in the low-score group，and the difference was statistically significant（28.4% vs 42.6%，P<0.05）. High salt reduction behavior was a protective factor for hypertension（OR=0.559，95%CI：0.342-0.912，P<0.05）. Conclusion Residents in a certain district of Qingdao City have a relatively high level of salt reduction knowledge and related beliefs，but behaviors are still at a low level. Efforts should focus on promoting specific behaviors，such as the use of low-sodium salt and salt spoons，strengthening guidance on salt control measures，and encouraging residents to translate knowledge into action，thereby reducing the risk of hypertension and improving health literacy.

Analysis of association rule mining of life satisfaction among middle-aged and elderly individuals in China based on a health ecology model

DI Yujing, CHEN Xuelian, MA Di, CHENG Cheng

2026, 42(20):  2839-2845. 

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Objective Based on the health ecology model，to analyze the influencing factors of life satisfaction of middle-aged and elderly people in China from the perspectives of personal characteristics，behavioural characteristics，interpersonal network，living and working conditions，and policy environment，aiming to comprehensively improve the quality of life and well-being of middle-aged and elderly people. Methods Using the data from the fifth wave of the China health and retirement longitudinal study （CHARLS） in 2020，the population aged ≥45 was selected as the research object. Chi-square tests and unconditional binary Logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze the influencing factors of life satisfaction among middle-aged and elderly people in China. The shapely decomposition method was applied to explore the contribution levels of various levels and variables to life satisfaction. Strong association rules were derived through common factor modelling integrating unconditional binary Logistic regression analysis and shapely decomposition. Results Unconditional binary Logistic regression results indicated that gender，age，nighttime sleep，self-rated health，chronic disease status，social engagement，marital status，household registration type，satisfaction with parent-child relationships，educational attainment，household income，and medical insurance coverage were significant factors influencing life satisfaction among middle-aged and elderly individuals（all P<0.05）. The Shapley decomposition results showed that the social network layer contributed the most at 64.03%; among individual variables, satisfaction with the parent-child relationship was the core variable at 59.76%, while social engagement contributed the least at 0.75%. Association rule analysis revealed that the highest correlations with life satisfaction among middle-aged and elderly individuals were found in the absence of chronic diseases，self-rated good health，being married，satisfaction with parent-child relationships，and having medical insurance. The support rate was 42.09%，and the confidence level was 95.06%，indicating that individuals possessing these characteristics were 1.07 times more likely to report high life satisfaction compared to those without them. Conclusion The life satisfaction of middle-aged and elderly people in China is high，but there is still room for improvement. We should start from the five dimensions of the health ecology model to strengthen health education and establish a positive view of aging. Improve recreational facilities and enrich the form of social interaction. Advocate children to communicate with their parents more often to improve the quality of family interaction. Strengthen continuing education for the middle-aged and the elderly，and improve the health insurance system to achieve full coverage of health and well-being.

Moderating roles of psychological capital between core competency and work engagement among specialist nurses

WANG Rui, WANG Mingzhu, CEN Jiayi, OU Jiefen, GAO Limei

2026, 42(20):  2846-2851. 

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Objective To investigate the current status and influencing factors of work engagement among specialist nurses，and to examine the moderating role of psychological capital in the relationship between their core competency and work engagement. Methods A cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 243 specialist nurses from four grade-A tertiary general hospitals in Foshan City from March to April 2025，assessing their core competency，psychological capital，and work engagement. SPSS 27.0 was used for data analysis. Results The total scores for core competency，psychological capital，and work engagement were （153.84±29.71），（95.60±26.71），and （42.01±8.80）points，respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that there were significant positive correlations between the core competencies of specialist nurses and their psychological capital and work engagement（r=0.331，0.457，both P<0.01）. The moderation effect analysis indicated that the moderating role of psychological capital was significant（β=0.263，P<0.05），suggesting that a higher level of psychological capital strengthened the positive predictive effect of core competency on work engagement. Simple slope analysis showed that the impact of core competency on work engagement was statistically significant at both high and low levels of psychological capital（β_low=0.656，β_high=1.219，both P<0.05）. The Johnson-Neyman method further identified the boundary value for this moderating effect as -2.306 6. Conclusion The work engagement of specialized nurses is at a moderate to high level，and psychological capital plays a positive moderating role between core competency and work engagement among specialist nurses. Nursing managers can enhance the promoting effect of core competency on work engagement by implementing psychological capital intervention programs，thereby improving the quality of nursing care.

Treatise—Environment and Health

Analysis of the correlation between air pollution and emergency ambulance dispatches in Urumqi City under meteorological conditions

Dilibaier Alimu, Reziyamu , PAN Kai, ZHANG Ying, YANG Haofeng

2026, 42(20):  2852-2856. 

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Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of air pollution and meteorological factors in Urumqi City in 2024，and to explore the correlation between air pollutants and the number of emergency medical treatments for residents. Methods Data were collected on air pollutants，meteorological variables and daily emergency medical visits for residents in Urumqi City in 2024. The air pollution data included daily mean concentrations of SO₂，NO₂，CO，particulate matter 10（PM₁₀） and particulate matter 2.5（PM_2.5） and daily max 8 h average O₃（O_{3-8 h}）. The meteorological data included the daily average temperature，relative humidity，air pressure，wind speed and sunshine duration. The correlation between emergency medical visits and air pollutants was analyzed. Results The daily average concentrations of SO₂，NO₂，CO，O_{3-8 h}，PM₁₀，and PM_2.5 were 5.21 μg/m³，31.82 μg/m³，0.64 mg/m³，88.87 μg/m³，67.65 μg/m³，and 35.58 μg/m³，respectively. Among them，the number of days with exceedance for PM_2.5，PM₁₀，O_{3-8 h} and NO₂ was 51（13.93%），23（6.28%），3（0.82%） and 2（0.55%），respectively. The correlation analysis results showed that the emergency visits were positively correlated with SO₂ and O_{3-8 h}（r_s=0.269，0.404，both P<0.01）. The emergency visits for respiratory diseases were positively correlated with SO₂（r_s=0.188，P<0.01）. The emergency visits for circulatory system diseases were positively correlated with NO₂ and CO（r_s=0.136，0.116，both P<0.05）. The emergency visits for residents aged 0-<65 years were positively correlated with SO₂ and O_{3-8 h}（r_s=0.272，0.434，both P<0.01）. The emergency visits for circulatory system diseases among residents aged ≥65 years were positively correlated with NO₂，CO，PM₁₀，and PM_2.5（r_s=0.127，0.138，0.116，0.118，all P<0.05）. Conclusion PM_2.5 is the main pollutant affecting the air quality in Urumqi in 2024，and the overall level of air pollutants is showing a downward trend. Exposure to air pollutants has a certain impact on emergency medical visits. The impact of emergency visits related to air pollution was higher among residents aged 0-<65 years，while the impact of emergency visits for circulatory system diseases was concentrated among residents aged ≥65 years.

Cross-sectional survey on the knowledge，attitudes，and practices regarding drinking water among community residents in four cities in 2025

ZHANG Mingxue, YE Dan, PAN Lijun, YAN Xu, LIANG Jinfeng, WANG Jiao

2026, 42(20):  2857-2865. 

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Objective To investigate the knowledge，attitude，and practice（KAP） levels and its influencing factors regarding drinking water among community residents in four cities of China：Ganzhou，Qingdao，Shenzhen，and Beijing，in order to provide a basis for guiding residents to form a scientific drinking water attitude and self-management behavior. Methods In June 2025，stratified random sampling was conducted on community residents in four cities. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 1 195 permanent community residents to investigate their demographics，KAP levels，and preferences for health information acquisition channels on drinking water，and the data were analyzed. Results The overall KAP score towards drinking water among the surveyed subjects in the four cities was 33.63%，with scores for knowledge，attitude，and practice dimensions being 30.22%，42.81%，and 33.72%，respectively. Beijing residents had the highest overall KAP score（49.11%），followed by Shenzhen（42.24%），Qingdao（23.86%），and Ganzhou（18.96%）. Age，educational level，occupation，presence of family members with cardiovascular diseases，and participation in drinking water health education activities were all influencing factors（all P<0.05）. The overall KAP level showed a gradient of decreasing with age and increasing with educational attainment. Specifically，residents aged 60-<70 years had only 0.317 times the odds of high KAP compared to those aged 15-<25 years（OR=0.317），while those with a bachelor's degree or above had 4.749 times the odds compared to those with primary education or less（OR=4.749）. For acquiring health information on drinking water，new media was the most preferred channel（76.34%），followed by offline interactions（65.05%） and traditional media（58.78%）. Conclusion The overall KAP level regarding drinking water among the residents in four cities is relatively low，especially in the dimensions of knowledge and behavior，where there is still significant room for improvement. Attention should be paid to the elderly and less-educated populations，building a diversified and three-dimensional health communication system that utilizes new media as the primary channel，integrated with offline and traditional media，to enhance health literacy level of residents' drinking water.

Current status and health risk assessment of formaldehyde pollution in public places in Sichuan Province from 2021 to 2024

ZHANG Dongsheng, XIE Hongwei, PENG Xiaojuan, KUANG Dan, DONG Hong, SHI Chunli

2026, 42(20):  2864-2867. 

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Objective To assess the level of formaldehyde pollution in public places in Sichuan Province and its potential health risks to practitioners，and to provide scientific basis and data support for relevant authorities to strengthen the indoor air quality management of public places. Methods From 2021 to 2024，formaldehyde monitoring was carried out in randomly selected four types of public places，including gyms，hotels/hotels，barbershops and beauty shops in Chengdu City，Deyang City，Mianyang City and Ya'an City，Sichuan Province，to analyze the current indoor air pollution of formaldehyde in public places and conduct health risk assessment for their employees. Results From 2021 to 2024，a total of 2 520 samples of formaldehyde were detected in public places in Sichuan Province，the detection rate was 72.54%，and the standard rate was 96.11%. The median concentrations of formaldehyde detected in gyms，hotels，barbershops，and beauty salons were 0.020，0.020，0.020，and 0.021 mg/m³，respectively. The pollution level and health risk of formaldehyde in 2024 were the highest in different years，with a median concentration of 0.028 mg/m³，non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient（HQ） value of 0.879，and carcinogenic risk（CR） value of 4.817×10^-5. The pollution level and health risk of beauty shops in different places were the highest，with the median detection concentration of 0.021 mg/m³，HQ value of 0.660，and CR value of 3.612×10^-5. The pollution level and health risk were the highest in summer during different periods，and the median concentration was 0.023 mg/m³，HQ value was 0.722，and CR value was 3.956×10^-5. The cumulative probability distribution of health risks showed that 30.38% of non-carcinogenic risks had HQ values greater than 1，and there were extreme HQ values. 72.12% of the CR value was greater than 10^-6，68.55% of the CR value was greater than 10^-5，while 11.99% of the CR value was greater than 10^-4. Conclusion From 2021 to 2024，the formaldehyde compliance rate in public places in Sichuan Province was relatively high，and the overall risk level was low. However，the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks caused by formaldehyde in some public places are at a high level，which poses certain health risks to employees and should be given special attention.

Treatise—Literature Analysis

Bibliometric and visualization analysis of the application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology in food safety based on the Web of Science database

WANG Bin, WANG Chunyan, LIAO Xu, CAO Yuling, YANG Yingxin

2026, 42(20):  2868-2874. 

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Objective To visualize the literature data on the detection of harmful substances in food by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） by bibliometric analysis，and to understand the development status of this research field. Methods The bibliometrix package in R 4.4.1 was used to retrieve all research literature related to GC-MS detection of harmful substances in food from the Web of Science（WOS） core database. Data visualization analysis was performed on the retrieved research literature，statistical analysis was conducted on the annual publication volume，country，institution，author，journal，and keywords related to GC-MS detection of harmful substances in food，and a visual scientific map was then drawn. Results A total of 422 research papers on the detection of hazardous substances in food by GC-MS were screened. The earliest relevant study retrieved on WOS was published in 2009. Overall，the number of publications had shown a fluctuating upward trend，with China ranking first in both the number of publications and citation counts. The journal Food Chemistry was ranked first in local citations，andthe journal Foods had the largest number of publications. The most cited author in the world was PRIMPKE S，and the author with the most publications was NERIN C.The institution with the most publications was the Universidade do Porto. China-led institutions worked most closely with European countries and the United States. The top three high-frequency words were food，identification and extraction. Conclusion The research interest of GC-MS method for the detection of food harmful substances is still increasing，and sample preparation method is a very important research hotspot in the field.

Overview

Advances in brucellosis epidemic characterization and disease burden research

LIU Xinyu, ZHANG Lijie, CHEN Yucun, DING Yi, SUN Yuting, WEI Xin

2026, 42(20):  2875-2880. 

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Brucellosis（abbreviated as brucellosis） is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria. It is widely prevalent in the world，posing a serious threat to public health safety and animal health，and causing huge economic losses. It has the characteristics of diverse transmission routes，long incubation period and easy to develop into chronic disease. It not only seriously affects the quality of life and labor ability of patients，but also has a significant impact on animal husbandry production. Brucella can infect a variety of mammals，with sheep，cattle and pigs being common hosts，and Brucella melitensis is the most pathogenic. The transmission is mainly direct contact infection，but also through the digestive tract and respiratory tract. There are significant differences between animal hosts and human infected patients. Human infection is often accompanied by chills，sweating，fatigue，muscle and joint pain and other symptoms；When cattle，sheep and other animals are infected，the female animals suddenly miscarry in the middle and late pregnancy，give birth to dead fetus or weak cubs，and the male animals are infected with orchitis，epididymitis and other symptoms. Although it is difficult to assess the disease burden at present，it can still be found that the health burden，epidemiological burden and economic burden of brucellosis are heavy. This paper reviews the etiological characteristics，epidemiological status and disease burden of brucellosis，so as to provide reference for disease burden and prevention and control.