生物传感技术在微/纳米塑料检测中的应用及研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微/纳米塑料（micro/nanoplastics，M/NPs）作为新型污染物能够在大气、土壤、水体以及生物体内富集，对生态系统和人体健康产生严重危害。传统检测方法，如显微镜、光谱、质谱等存在耗时长、成本高、易受干扰等局限性，而生物传感器因特异性好、灵敏度高等优势，在M/NPs检测中逐渐展现出独特的应用前景。生物传感技术是一种利用生物识别元件作为传感器，通过检测其与目标物之间的相互作用来实现信号转换和分析检测的技术，其中生物识别元件是在实际检测中实现高灵敏度和高特异性的关键。本文依据生物识别元件分类（酶、抗体、适配体、肽、细胞）综述了近年来生物传感技术在M/NPs检测中的应用及研究进展，讨论了各种检测技术，以及其当前面临的挑战和未来的研究方向，以期为未来开发更有效、简便、灵敏的M/NPs生物传感器提供参考。

关键词: 生物传感技术, 生物传感器, 微/纳米塑料, 生物识别元件, 检测技术, 应用

Abstract:

The micro/nanoplastics（M/NPs），as a new type of pollutant，can accumulate in the atmosphere，soil，water bodies and living organisms，causing serious harm to ecosystems and human health. The traditional detection methods（such as microscopy，spectroscopy and mass spectrometry） have limitations such as long-time consumption，high cost and vulnerability to interference. Compared with traditional detection methods，biosensors have gradually shown unique application prospects in M/NPs detection due to their advantages such as good specificity and high sensitivity. The biosensing technology is a technique that uses biometric elements as sensors to achieve signal conversion and analysis detection by detecting the interaction between them and the target object. Among them，the biometric elements are the key to achieving high sensitivity and high specificity in actual detection. This paper reviews the application and research progress of biosensing technology in M/NPs detection in recent years based on the classification of biometric elements（enzymes，antibodies，aptamers，peptides，and cells），discusses various detection techniques，as well as the current challenges and future research directions they face，with the aim of providing a reference for the future development of more effective，simple and sensitive M/NPs biosensors.

Key words: Biosensing technology, Biosensor, Micro/nanoplastics, Biometric element, Detection technology, Application

中图分类号:

R115

陆恬, 罗佳, 夏瑜. 生物传感技术在微/纳米塑料检测中的应用及研究进展. [J]职业与健康, 2026, 42(7): 998-1003.

LU Tian, LUO Jia, XIA Yu. Application and research progress of biosensing technology in detection of micro/nanoplastics. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(7): 998-1003.

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