职业与健康 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 1122-1126.

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

2021—2023年保定市易县狂犬病暴露者流行病学调查

于健, 张进国(), 张保宗, 李健, 李祥林, 杨艳亮   

  1. 保定市易县妇幼保健院河北 保定 074200
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05 修回日期:2025-06-30 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-05-18
  • 通信作者: 张进国,E-mail:zhjg_65@sina.com
  • 作者简介:于健,男,副主任医师,主要从事犬伤预防与处置工作。
  • 基金资助:
    “十二五”国家科技重大专项(2012ZX10004-901)

Epidemiological survey of rabies exposed persons in Yi County of Baoding City from 2021 to 2023

YU Jian, ZHANG Jinguo(), ZHANG Baozong, LI Jian, LI Xianglin, YANG Yanliang   

  1. Baoding Yi County Health of Women and Children HohpitalBaodingHebei 074200, China
  • Received:2025-06-05 Revised:2025-06-30 Online:2026-04-15 Published:2026-05-18
  • Contact: ZHANG Jinguo,E-mail:zhjg_65@sina.com

摘要:

目的 分析保定市易县狂犬病暴露者流行病学特征,为狂犬病防制提供参考依据。方法 收集2021—2023年易县狂犬病暴露者三间分布、致伤动物、致伤方式、暴露级别、暴露后处置等资料,并对数据进行分析。结果 2021—2023年易县狂犬病暴露者11 487例,年平均暴露率为781.94/10万。随时间增加,暴露率有所增高,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.552,P>0.05)。暴露人群中男女性别比为1 ∶ 1.03,其中青年最多(23.11%),其次是壮年(21.38%)和少年(19.72%),幼儿最少(3.41%);职业以农民最多(62.61%),其次是学生(19.47%);学历以初中学历最多(34.35%),其次是小学学历(29.20%),大学以上学历最少(5.22%);暴露发生部位从多到少依次是手-腿-臂-足-头面-躯干;狂犬病暴露全年每月均有发生,暴露发生集中在5—10月(59.27%);暴露发生居住于城市(74.41%)多于农村(25.59%);致伤动物以犬为主(64.03%),其次是猫(34.37%);抓伤最多(62.04%),其次是咬伤(36.87%);暴露以Ⅱ级(50.30%)和Ⅲ级(49.60%)暴露为主。暴露后狂犬病疫苗接种率为99.61%(11 442/11 487),Ⅲ级暴露狂犬病免疫球蛋白接种率为32.26%(1 838/5 697)。结论 为降低人群接触狗猫等动物的暴露率和提高狂犬免疫制剂的接种率,应加强全人群的狂犬病防制知识宣传,重点加强农民和中小学生以及夏季的狂犬病防制工作,同时加强犬、猫等动物的管理。

关键词: 狂犬病, 暴露者, 犬伤, 流行病学, 调查

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies exposed persons in Yi County of Baoding City,and provide scientific basis for rabies prevention and control. Methods Collect data on the spatial,temporal and population distribution of rabies exposed individuals,injured animals,methods of injury,exposure levels,and post exposure management in Yi County from 2021 to 2023,and the data were analyzed. Results From 2021 to 2023,there were 11 487 cases of rabies exposure in Yi County,with an average annual exposure rate of 781.94/100 000. With the increase of time,the exposure rate increased,but the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=4.552,P>0.05). The male to female ratio was 1∶1.03 in the exposed population,with the highest number of exposed individuals were young adults(23.11%),followed by middle-aged adults(21.38%) and adolescents(19.72%),and the lowest number being young children(3.41%). Farmers had the highest proportion in the occupation(62.61%),followed by students(19.47%). In terms of educational background,junior high school education accounted for the largest proportion(34.35%),followed by primary school education(29.20%),and university education or above was the least(5.22%). The locations of exposure,in descending order,were hands,legs,arms,feet,head and face,and torso. Rabies exposure occurred every month throughout the year,with exposure occurring mainly from May to October(59.27%). The proportion of exposure living in cities(74.41%) was higher than that in rural areas(25.59%). Dogs were the main animal causing injuries(64.03%),followed by cats(34.37%). Scratches were the most common(62.04%),followed by bites(36.87%). The main types of exposure were grade Ⅱ(50.30%) and grade Ⅲ(49.60%). The vaccination rate of rabies vaccine after exposure was 99.61%(11 442/11 487),and the vaccination rate of rabies immunoglobulin for level III exposed individuals was 32.26%(1 838/5 697). Conclusion In order to reduce the exposure rate of the population to animals such as dogs and cats and improve the vaccination rate of rabies immunization agents,it is necessary to strengthen the publicity of rabies prevention and control knowledge among the whole population,with a focus on strengthening the prevention and control of rabies among farmers,primary and secondary school students,and in summer. At the same time,strengthen the management of animals such as dogs and cats.

Key words: Rabies, Exposed individuals, Dog injury, Epidemiology, Investigation

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