成都市大气PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的为实现环境精准防治大气污染，保护人体健康，对成都市细颗粒物（particulate matter，PM_2.5）中重金属元素的污染特征、来源解析及健康风险进行评价。方法 2023年12月和2024年4月在成都市成华区分别采集54和50份有效大气PM_2.5样品，采用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法检测PM_2.5中Al、As、Cd、Fe和Pb等14种重金属元素，运用富集因子法、正定矩阵因子分解法和健康风险评估模型探讨重金属元素来源和健康风险。结果春季元素总浓度（10 843.8 ng/m³）是冬季元素总浓度6 896.6 ng/m³的1.5倍，Al、Mg、Fe、K和Zn 5种元素浓度在冬、春季中占已测重金属元素浓度的67%、84%，Cd的富集因子（enrichment factor，EF）为1 113.4，属于重度富集。源解析表明，冬、春季PM_2.5中重金属元素主要来自交通源、地壳源、燃烧源及工业源。健康风险评估表明，致癌风险显著，非致癌风险较低，成人的总致癌风险和总非致癌风险均是儿童的2.1倍，As对成人的致癌风险>10^-4，存在致癌风险，同时As的非致癌风险也较高。结论 Cd的富集因子最高，As的致癌风险和非致癌风险均较高，对于产生这2种元素的排放源（金属冶炼、合金的防腐蚀工业以及燃煤燃烧等）应采取一定的措施进行减排监管。

关键词: 细颗粒物, 重金属, 富集因子法, 正定矩阵因子分解法, 健康风险

Abstract:

Objective In order to achieve precise environmental prevention and control and protect human health，the pollution characteristics，source analysis and health risks of heavy metals in particulate matter（PM_2.5） in Chengdu City were evaluated. Methods The 54 and 50 effective atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected in December 2023 and April 2024 in Chenghua District of Chengdu City. The concentrations of 14 heavy metal elements（Al，As，Cd，Fe，Pb，etc） in PM_2.5 were determined by Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence（WDXRF）. The sources of heavy metals were analyzed by enrichment factor method and positive matrix factorization（PMF），and the health risk of heavy metal was evaluated by risk assessment model. Results The total concentration of heavy metals in spring（10 843.8 ng/m³） was 1.5 times that of winter（6 896.6 ng/m³）. Out of the measured heavy metal elements in PM_2.5，Al，Mg，Fe，K and Zn exhibited the highest concentrations，collectively accounting for 67% in winter and 84% in spring. The enrichment factor（EF） of Cd was 1 113.4，which was heavily enriched. PMF source analysis showed that heavy metal elements in PM_2.5 in winter and spring were mainly derived from traffic source，crustal sources，combustion source and industrial source. Health risk assessment analysis showed that the risk of carcinogenicity was significant，and the risk of non-carcinogenicity was low. The total carcinogenic risk and total non-carcinogenic risk of adults were 2.1 times that of children. The carcinogenic risk of As to adults was >10^-4，indicating a carcinogenic risk，while the non-carcinogenic risk of As was also relatively high. Conclusion The Cd has the highest enrichment factor，and the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of As are higher，and certain measures should be taken to supervise the emission reduction of these two elements，such as metal smelting，alloy anti-corrosion industry，and coal combustion.

Key words: Particulate matter, Heavy metals, Enrichment factor, Positive matrix factorization, Health risk

中图分类号:

X513

胡燕, 赵奎. 成都市大气PM_2.5中重金属元素的污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价. [J]职业与健康, 2026, 42(11): 1539-1543.

HU Yan, ZHAO Kui. Pollution characteristics，source analysis，and health risk assessment of metal elements in ambient PM_2.5 in Chengdu City. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(11): 1539-1543.

图/表 4

参考文献 22

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参数	物理意义	单位	取值
参数	物理意义	单位	成人	儿童
IR	呼吸速率	m³/d	15.0	8.6
BW	体质量	kg	61.9	15.0
EF	暴露频率	d/年	350	350
ED	暴露年限	年	30	6
AT（致恶性肿瘤）	平均暴露时间	d	70×365	70×365
AT（非致恶性肿瘤）	平均暴露时间	d	30×365	30×365

参数	物理意义	单位	取值
参数	物理意义	单位	成人	儿童
IR	呼吸速率	m³/d	15.0	8.6
BW	体质量	kg	61.9	15.0
EF	暴露频率	d/年	350	350
ED	暴露年限	年	30	6
AT（致恶性肿瘤）	平均暴露时间	d	70×365	70×365
AT（非致恶性肿瘤）	平均暴露时间	d	30×365	30×365

元素	冬季		春季
元素	浓度均值（ng/m³）	EF	浓度均值（ng/m³）	EF
Al	1 150.2	1.0	3 709.4	1.0
As	100.0	5.2	74.4	1.2
Ca	346.3	1.7	397.3	0.6
Cd	161.6	1 113.4	117.9	251.9
Co	247.9	7.7	204.7	2.0
Cu	457.4	8.0	215.0	1.2
Fe	1 053.6	1.7	1 035.0	0.5
K	886.5	2.4	1 442.7	1.2
Mg	1 101.6	7.1	2 280.7	4.5
Ni	235.1	3.9	184.5	1.0
Pb	249.5	4.4	245.0	1.3
Sb	345.5	146.9	254.4	33.5
V	98.3	0.6	81.6	0.1
Zn	463.1	2.9	601.1	1.2
合计	6 896.6		10 843.8

元素	冬季		春季
元素	浓度均值（ng/m³）	EF	浓度均值（ng/m³）	EF
Al	1 150.2	1.0	3 709.4	1.0
As	100.0	5.2	74.4	1.2
Ca	346.3	1.7	397.3	0.6
Cd	161.6	1 113.4	117.9	251.9
Co	247.9	7.7	204.7	2.0
Cu	457.4	8.0	215.0	1.2
Fe	1 053.6	1.7	1 035.0	0.5
K	886.5	2.4	1 442.7	1.2
Mg	1 101.6	7.1	2 280.7	4.5
Ni	235.1	3.9	184.5	1.0
Pb	249.5	4.4	245.0	1.3
Sb	345.5	146.9	254.4	33.5
V	98.3	0.6	81.6	0.1
Zn	463.1	2.9	601.1	1.2
合计	6 896.6		10 843.8

元素	致癌风险			非致癌风险
元素	儿童	成人	总和	儿童	成人	总和
As	6.47×10^-5	1.37×10^-4	2.01×10^-4	3.33×10^-2	7.04×10^-2	1.04×10^-1
Cd	4.33×10^-5	9.14×10^-5	1.35×10^-4	1.60×10^-2	3.39×10^-2	4.99×10^-2
Cu	—	—	—	9.64×10^-4	2.04×10^-3	3.00×10^-3
Ni	8.66×10^-6	1.83×10^-5	2.70×10^-5	1.20×10^-3	2.54×10^-3	3.74×10^-3
Pb	—	—	—	8.10×10^-3	1.71×10^-2	2.52×10^-2
V	—	—	—	1.47×10^-3	3.11×10^-3	4.59×10^-3
Zn	—	—	—	2.03×10^-4	4.30×10^-4	6.33×10^-4
总和	1.17×10^-4	2.46×10^-4	3.63×10^-4	6.13×10^-2	1.30×10^-1	1.91×10^-1