职业与健康 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 374-378.

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

北京市东城区生活饮用水氯消毒副产物健康风险评估

付秀影1,2, 黄露1,2(), 杨娣1,2, 汤德铭1,2, 崔景茜1,2, 段旭1,2   

  1. 1.北京市东城区疾病预防控制中心北京 100050
    2.公共卫生应急管理创新中心北京 100050
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28 修回日期:2025-07-16 出版日期:2026-02-01 发布日期:2026-03-06
  • 通信作者: 黄露,E-mail:huangl0558@163.com
  • 作者简介:付秀影,女,副主任医师,主要从事环境卫生监测与评价工作。

Health risk assessment of chlorine disinfection by-products in drinking water in Dongcheng District of Beijing City

FU Xiuying1,2, HUANG Lu1,2(), YANG Di1,2, TANG Deming1,2, CUI Jingxi1,2, DUAN Xu1,2   

  1. 1. Beijing Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100050,China
    2. Innovation Center for Public Health Emergency ManagementBeijing 100050,China
  • Received:2025-05-28 Revised:2025-07-16 Online:2026-02-01 Published:2026-03-06
  • Contact: HUANG Lu,E-mail:huangl0558@163.com

摘要:

目的 了解北京市东城区生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸共6种消毒副产物含量水平,并对其人群健康风险进行评估。方法 2023—2024年采集辖区水厂出厂水、对应管网的市政末梢水及二次供水进行氯消毒副产物检测,使用美国国家环境保护局(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)推荐的健康风险评估方法,对辖区成人通过饮水途径暴露的消毒副产物健康风险进行评估,并分析不同水质类型(出厂水、市政末梢水、二次供水)、年度和水期(丰水期、枯水期)的消毒副产物浓度差异。结果 6种氯消毒副产物的检出率在81.88%~100.00%。不同水质类型的一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷及二氯乙酸浓度比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=14.272、28.641、13.330,均P<0.01),3种消毒副产物均为出厂水中浓度最高,市政末梢水中浓度最低;不同年度的一氯二溴甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸浓度比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=7.775、8.236、12.385,均P<0.01),3种消毒副产物浓度均为2023年较高。不同水期的一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=13.125、50.434、32.008,均P<0.01),一氯二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷浓度为枯水期高于丰水期,二氯一溴甲烷浓度为丰水期高于枯水期。6种消毒副产物的R值最大值致癌风险均 <1.00×10-4,低于EPA规定的最大可接受风险,其中致癌风险最高的为三氯甲烷,R值中位数为3.000×10-5R值范围是0.002×10-5~5.053×10-5。除三溴甲烷R值中位数<1.00×10-6外,其余5种化学污染物的R值中位数均>1.00×10-6(0.591×10-5~3.000×10-5),存在一定致癌风险,但在可接受水平以内。6种消毒副产物的非致癌风险均远<1,非致癌风险最高的为三氯甲烷,HQ值(M)为9.679×10-2,范围是0.006×10-2~16.299×10-2结论 北京市东城区饮用水中6种消毒副产物致癌风险、非致癌风险均在可接受范围内,三氯甲烷为重点关注指标。

关键词: 生活饮用水, 氯消毒, 消毒副产物, 健康风险评估

Abstract:

Objective To understand the levels of six disinfection by-products in drinking water in Dongcheng District of Beijing City from 2023 to 2024,including trichloromethane,dichlorodibromomethane,dichlorobromomethane,tribromomethane,dichloroacetic acid,and trichloroacetic acid,and to assess their health risks to the population. Methods From 2023 to 2024,collect the effluent from water plants in the jurisdiction,municipal terminal water from corresponding pipelines,and secondary water supply for chlorine disinfection byproduct detection. Use the health risk assessment method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) to evaluate the health risks of disinfection by-products exposed to adults through drinking water routes in the jurisdiction,and analyze the concentration differences of disinfection by-products in different water quality types(effluent water,municipal terminal water,secondary water supply),years,and water periods(wet season,dry season). Results The detection rate of six chlorine disinfection by-products ranged from 81.88% to 100.00%. There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations of chlorodibromomethane,dichlorodibromomethane,and dichloroacetic acid among different water quality types(χ2=14.272,28.641,13.330,all P<0.01). The three disinfection by-products had the highest concentration in factory water and the lowest concentration in municipal terminal water. There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations of dichlorodibromomethane,dichloroacetic acid,and trichloroacetic acid in different years(χ2=7.775,8.236,12.385,all P<0.01),and the concentrations of the three disinfection by-products were all higher in 2023. There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations of monochlorodibromomethane,tribromomethane,and dichlorodibromomethane in different water periods(χ2=13.125, 50.434,32.008,all P<0.01). The concentrations of monochlorodibromomethane and tribromomethane were higher in the dry season than in the wet season,and the concentration of dichlorodibromomethane was higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The maximum R-value of 6 disinfection by-products had a carcinogenic risk of less than 1.00×10-4,which was lower than the maximum acceptable risk specified by USEPA. Among them,chloroform had the highest carcinogenic risk,with a median R-value of 3.000×10-5 and an R-value range of 0.002×10-5-5.053×10-5. Except for the median R value of bromomethane,which was less than 1.00×10-6,the median R values of the other five chemical pollutants were all greater than 1.00×10-6(0.591×10-5-3.000×10-5),indicating a certain carcinogenic risk but within an acceptable level. The non-carcinogenic risk of the six disinfection by-products was far less than 1,with chloroform having the highest non-carcinogenic risk. The median HQ value was 9.679×10-2,ranging from 0.006×10-2 to 16.299×10-2. Conclusion The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of six disinfection by-products in drinking water in Dongcheng District of Beijing City are within an acceptable range,with trichloromethane as the key indicator of concern.

Key words: Drinking water, Chlorine disinfection, Disinfection by-products, Health risk assessment

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