Table of Content

15 August 2023, Volume 39 Issue 16

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Treatise

Analysis on current situation and influencing factors of job burnout of grassroots general practitioners in Shenyang City

ZHU Hua, LI Yue, JIN Zhe

2023, 39(16):  2162-2166. 

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Objective To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of job burnout among grassroots general practitioners in Shenyang City. Methods From September to December 2021,an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 256 general practitioners in primary medical institutions in Shenyang City by random sampling method. The contents included general practitioners’ basic information,job satisfaction,intention to stay and job burnout,and the data were analyzed. Results Among the grassroots general practitioners,the detection rate of no burnout was 6.25%（16/256）,the detection rate of mild burnout was 8.20%（21/256）,the detection rate of moderate burnout was 81.25%（208/256）,and the detection rate of severe burnout was 4.30%（11/256）. The scores of each dimension of job burnout were as follows：emotional exhaustion[（15.00±7.84）points],depersonalization tendency[（3.45±4.53）points],personal achievement[（36.23±12.58）points]. The total score of job satisfaction was （40.07±7.25）points. The total score of intention to stay was （15.63±3.23）points. The material satisfaction,growth satisfaction,intention to stay,age <30 and 30-<40 years old and working age of 10-<20 years were the influencing factors of emotional exhaustion（β=-0.213,-0.116,-0.351,-0.266,-0.369,0.372,all P<0.05）. The material satisfaction,intention to stay,bachelor degree,associate senior title,working age <10 and 10-<20 years were the influencing factors of the dimension of depersonalization tendency（β=-0.136,-0.124,-0.272,0.507,0.364,0.251,all P<0.05）. The growth satisfaction and bachelor degree were the influencing factors of personal achievement（β=0.069,0.539,both P<0.05）. Conclusion The grassroots general practitioners in Shenyang City are suffering from moderate job burnout,and it is necessary to pay more attention to enhance the salary and welfare,improve the working environment and perfect the training mechanism,strengthen their willingness to stay,and improve the sense of responsibility and mission of grassroots general practitioners.

Experimental research on dose distribution of radiation field in operating place of radioactive source

KONG Yuxia, YAO Meinan, FENG Zechen, MA Yongzhong, BAI Bin

2023, 39(16):  2167-2172. 

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Objective To explore the radiation field dose level and distribution of the radioactive source in the storage state and exposure state,provide experimental basis for dose estimating and control strategy formulating related to the accidental exposure from radiation field of radioactive source. Methods A ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source with 592 GBq radioactivity and a ¹³⁷Cs radioactive source with 66.6 GBq radioactivity were selected in 2022. The LB123 neutron ambient dose equivalent rate meter and AT1121 X/γ dose rate meter were used to measure the ambient dose equivalent rate around the source containers with the sources stored,and the thermoluminescence dosimeters were used to measure and calculate the ambient dose equivalent rate of the radiation field in the operating place of radioactive source exposure. Results When the radioactive source was in storage state,the highest dose rate at 5 cm on the surface of the source containers of 592 GBq ²⁴¹Am-Be and 66.6 GBq ¹³⁷Cs radioactive source were 500 and 773 μSv/h,respectively. While the radioactive source was exposed,at a distance of 200 cm from the source in the radiation field,the neutron ambient dose equivalent rate generated by the ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source was 233.5-337.2 μSv/h,with an average value of 299.7 μSv/h,and the ambient dose equivalent rate of ¹³⁷Cs radioactive source was 1.282-1.868 mSv/h,with an average value of 1.530 mSv/h.In the radiation field,the accidental cumulative exposure at a distance of 50 cm from the source for 10 min,the doses of the ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source and the ¹³⁷Cs radioactive source to the human body were 0.15 mSv and 2.23 mSv,respectively. Conclusion The appropriate source containers should be chosen for different types of radioactive sources according to their ionizing radiation characteristics to achieve reliable shielding effect,and the accidental exposure accident of radioactive sources should be reduced and avoided from the aspects of personal radiation emergency awareness,equipment of alarm devices and innovative radioactive source operating techniques.

Study on relationship between air pollutants and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hotan area

GAO Chunjie, WANG Yingdan, WU Mengjuan, ZHANG Tao, WANG Lei

2023, 39(16):  2173-2178. 

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Objective To study the impact of air pollutants on the incidence of tuberculosis in Hotan area. Methods The cases of pulmonary tuberculosis,the air pollutants and meteorological data in Hotan area from 2015 to 2018 were collected.The method of principal component analysis was used to eliminate the collinearity among multiple air pollutants. After controlling the confounding factors such as long-term trend of time,seasonal effects,and meteorological factors,a semi-parametric generalized additive model was established. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the parameter values for this model and then the relative risk was calculated to evaluate the effect of multiple air pollutants on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis separately increased by 5.4%（95%CI：3.8%-7.0%） and 5.0%（95%CI：3.4%-6.6%） when the concentrations of fine particulate matter（PM_2.5） and inhalable particulate matter（PM₁₀） in air pollutants increased by 10 μg/m³ respectively. Conclusion The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hotan areais highly correlated with PM_2.5 and PM₁₀,thus,the particulate matters are the main pollutant affecting the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hotan area.

Evaluation on control effect of occupational hazards of a biomedical product production project in Lanzhou City

SHEN Lei, ZHANG Haiyun, LI Xiaohong, CHEN Lihong, ZHU Yanzhi

2023, 39(16):  2179-2183. 

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Objective To understand the occupational hazards generated during normal production in a biomedical product production project in Lanzhou City. Methods In August 2022,the occupational health field survey was carried out to understand the occupational health management situation of the enterprise,and the occupational health testing was carried out in the workplaces with occupational hazards in the enterprise. Results The chemical,physical and biological factors exposed to workers in all workplaces did not exceed the standards. The detection of occupational hazard factors showed that the maximum allowable concentration（MAC） of hydrochloric acid was <0.675 mg/m³,the time weighted average concentration（C_TWA） of sulfuric acid was <0.314 mg/m³,the MAC of formaldehyde was 0.093 mg/m³,the concentration of short termexpose limit（C_STEL） was <0.55 mg/m³,the C_STEL of phenol was <0.16 mg/m³,and the equivalent continuous sound level normalized to 8 hours of the actual working hours of a day was 58.20-69.59 dB（A）. Conclusion According to the Catalogue of Classification and Management of Occupational Disease Hazards,the project belongs to a general construction project with occupational hazards,and the occupational hazards of the project include noise,sulfuric acid,hydrochloric acid,formaldehyde,acetic acid and phenol.

Applicability analysis of three occupational health risk assessment methods for welding fume exposure positions in the metal manufacturing industry

YIN Chunxu, ZHANG Zhencheng, DING Yanqiang, WANG Kailei

2023, 39(16):  2184-2188. 

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Objective Analyze the applicability of three occupational health risk assessment methods,namely the semi quantitative comprehensive index method,the International Council on Mining and Metals（ICMM） quantitative method,and the ICMM risk rating table method,in welding fume exposure positions in three metal cutting and welding equipment manufacturing enterprises. Methods From May 2021 to June 2022,11 positions in 3 metal cutting and welding equipment manufacturing enterprises that were exposed to welding fume were selected as the research objects to carry out occupational health on-site investigations,occupational disease hazard factor monitoring,and occupational health examinations. Semi quantitative comprehensive index method,ICMM quantitative method,and ICMM risk rating table method were used to conduct occupational health risk assessment on welding fume exposure positions,and the evaluation resultswere analyzed and compared. Results The 8-hour time-weighted average concentration of welding fume in the shell welding area 1 #,4 # and tail shell special installation area of enterprise A were 0.38 and 0.52 mg/m³ respectively. The 8-hour time-weighted average concentrations of welding fume in structure I workshop 1 #,2 #,3 # and structure II workshop 1 #,2 # of enterprise B were 0.70,0.85,0.57,0.99 and 0.93 mg/m³ respectively.The 8-hour time-weighted average concentrations of 1 # and 2 # welding fume in the first and second workshops of Enterprise C were 1.21,1.22 and 1.04 mg/m³ respectively,which did not exceed the occupational exposure limit. The semi quantitative comprehensive index method evaluates that 2 positions in Company A were at low risk,while the remaining 1 position and 8 positions in Company B and C were at medium risk.The ICMM quantitative evaluation results show that 3 positions in Company A are tolerable risks,and 8 positions in Companies B and C were potential risks. The ICMM risk rating table method evaluated 11 welding positions in the three companies as having no or very low risks. Conclusions The ICMM risk rating table method has strong applicability and convenience,and can meet the requirements of rapid assessment of occupational health risks;The evaluation results of the semi quantitative comprehensive index method and the ICMM risk rating method are basically consistent,the evaluation results are also in line with the actual situation and are suitable for occupational health risk assessment in the metal manufacturing industry.

Effect of sodium fluoride on microstructure of bone cortex in experimental mice

WU Li, LI Yangjie, YANG Fengmei, LIU Jie, SUN Lu, ZHANG Zhuo

2023, 39(16):  2189-2192. 

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Objective To investigate the effects of sodium fluoride（NaF） on the microstructure and strength of bone cortex in experimental mice. Methods 30 ICR male mice were randomly divided into three groups according to the principle of weight balance：the control group was given tap water regularly,the low fluoride group was given tap water containing 25 mg/L NaF,and the high fluoride group was given tap water containing 50 mg/L NaF. All groups were given free diet.After 20 weeks of feeding,the incidence of dental fluorosis in each group was observed. The left femur was scanned by the Micro CT,and 2D and 3D physical parameters were recorded. The bone fluoride was measured with fluoride ion electrode. The three-point bending test was performed on the left tibia. Results The mice in both low and high fluoride groups had dental fluorosis. Compared with the control group,the bone fluoride content[（1 023.37±175.42）μg/g] and the structural diameter in the low fluoride group and the bone fluoride content[（1 135.23±69.01）μg/g],section thickness,structural thickness,and structural diameter in the high fluoride group increased significantly,while the bone structural strength in the high fluoride group decreased significantly.Compared with the low fluoride group,the section thickness[（0.138±0.004）mm],structure thickness[（0.091±0.003）mm],structure diameter[（0.181±0.006）mm],bone cortex density[（1.978±0.009）g/cm³],bone volume fraction[（87.267±0.379）%] and bone structure strength[（3.74±1.00）kg] in the high fluoride group were significantly reduced. Conclusion The high dose sodium fluoride can destroy the microstructure of bone cortex in experimental mice and reduce the strength of bone structure.

Detection,virulence and serum analysis of Escherichia coli in drinking water in Liaoning Province

WEI Tongzhu, LI Xue, ZHANG Xu, YU Miao, WANG Weijie, SUN Tingting

2023, 39(16):  2193-2197. 

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Objective To understand the situation of domestic drinking water polluted by Escherichia coli in some areas of Liaoning Province,and provide reference basis for the prevention and control of water-based diseases,as well as for the monitoring and early warning of the hygiene and safety of drinking water. Methods The microbial indicators of Escherichia coli in various kinds of drinking water in Liaoning Province from 2010 to 2021 were detected by multi tube fermentation method,and the pathogenic virulence genes and O antigen serotypes of the isolated Escherichia coli were identified and analyzed by polymerase Chain reaction（PCR） method. Results A total of 78 strains of Escherichia coli were detected,with a total sample detection rate of 11.84%. The treatment methods of water samples have significant differences in the detection of Escherichia coli indicators in water samples,and the qualification rate of non disinfected samples is significantly lower than that of disinfected water samples.Among them,16 strains of diarrhea causing Escherichia coli were detected,with a total detection rate of 0.024%. The detection rate of diarrhea causing Escherichia coli in source water was significantly higher than that in other types of samples.Four strains of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,five strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and seven strains of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were detected from 16 strains of diarrhoeal Escherichia coli. Except five strains that could not be classified,the remaining 11 strains were classified into eight Serotype. Both virulence genes and O antigens have dominant typing. Conclusions The detection rate of Escherichia coli in various types of drinking water sources in Liaoning Province is the highest,and disinfection treatment of drinking water is crucial for reducing the detection rate of Escherichia coli.Escherichia coli causing diarrhea has been detected in source water,decentralized water supply,and centralized water supply. It has dominant virulence genes,and the detection rate of heat source stability genes is higher. Similarly,among the three kinds of Escherichia coli causing diarrhea,two of them have dominant O antigen.Therefore,the hygienic indicators of Escherichia coli in drinking water should be continuously monitored.

Analysis on surveillance results of foodborne diseases in Baotou City from 2017-2021

FENG Hua, Baiwurina, ZHENG Shanshan, XIE Yingbo, LIU Xin, YANG Yurong

2023, 39(16):  2198-2201. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic features of foodborne disease cases in Baotou City from 2017 to 2021,so as to provide reference basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. Methods The monitoring data of foodborne disease in Baotou City from 2017 to 2021 were collected from the foodborne disease monitoring and reporting system,the pathogen testing was performed on the collected stool/anal swab samples,and the data were analyzed. Results A total of 8 971 foodborne disease cases were included and 1 207 stool/anal swab samples were collected,including 4 221 males and 4 750 females.The largest number of cases was in the age group of 18-<35 years old（2 246 cases）,the largest number of cases was in students in terms of occupation（1 332 cases）,the peak incidence period was July-September,the cases caused by the meat and meat products among exposed foods were the most（1 636 cases）,the packaging method was mainly bulk mode（3 603 cases）,and the exposed places were mainly at home（6 202 cases）.The detection rate of pathogens was 25.35%,among which the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 15.07%,mainly diarrheogenic Escherechia coli（13.50%）,and the detection rate of norovirus was 11.27%. There were statistically significant differences in pathogen detection rates among age,occupation,and seasonal groups（all P<0.01）. Conclusion The main pathogens of foodborne diseases in Baotou City from 2017 to 2021 are diarrheogenic Escherechia coli and norovirus,the incidence of foodborne disease is relatively higher in summer and autumn,and it is necessary to strengthen publicity and training to minimize the occurrence of foodborne diseases and ensure the health of the public.

Analysis on current situation of compassion fatigue and nursing competency of clinical nurses in three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Xi'an City

WANG Jiayi, CHEN Hongfang, ZHANG Luyu, LIU Yue, LI Quwen

2023, 39(16):  2202-2208. 

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Objective To understand the current situation of compassion fatigue and nursing competency among clinical nurses in three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Xi'an City,and the correlation between the two,so as to provide a basis for research and development of intervention programs to alleviate compassion fatigue and improve nursing competency among nursing staff. Methods From March to April 2022,using a convenience sampling method,211 clinical nurses from three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Xi'an City were investigated by the electronic questionnaire. The survey tools were the general hospital nurse competency questionnaire and the Chinese version of the compassion fatigue brief scale,and the data were analyzed. Results The compassion fatigue score was （47.24±23.32）points and the clinical nurses' competency score was （145.88±16.34）points.There were statistically significant differences in the scores of compassion fatigue among clinical nurses with different health condition and income satisfaction（all P<0.01）,and the differences in the total score of nursing competency and the scores of dimensions were statistically significant among clinical nurses with different income satisfaction and health condition（all P<0.01）. The compassion fatigue was negatively correlated with nursing competency（P<0.01）. The nursing competency,children,income satisfaction and health status were the influencing factors of nurses' compassion fatigue（all P<0.05）. Conclusions The compassion fatigue among clinical nurses in three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Xi'an City is at the middle level,and the nursing competency is at the higher level. The nursing managers should pay more attention to the internal emotions of nurses,which can reduce the severity of compassion fatigue by developing and improving clinical nurses' competencies to ensure quality care and patient safety.

Mediating effect of active coping style between depression and quality of life among medical staff in grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province

WU Lili, HAO Chunyan, ZHENG Juan, WANG Yuying, LI Yamei

2023, 39(16):  2209-2213. 

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Objective To investigate the level of quality of life（QOL）,depression,and active coping style among medical staff in grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province,and explore the relationship between them. Methods By using the convenience sampling method,the medical workers from five grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province were selected from October to December 2021,the online survey was performed with the general situation questionnaire,self-rating depression scale,World Health Organization quality of life（WHOQOL-BREF）,and simple coping style questionnaire（SCSQ）,and the data were analyzed. Results The average scores of the depression,QOL,and active coping style of medical staff in five grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province were （7.87±5.67）,（51.45±8.75） and （21.30±8.08）points,respectively.The correlation analysis showed that the total score and each dimension score of QOL were negatively associated with depression and positively associated with the score of active coping style（all P<0.01）. The active coping style partially mediated the relationship between depression and QOL of medical staff,and the mediating effect accounted for 14.2% of the total effect. Conclusions The depression has a direct negative predictive effect on the QOL of medical staff,and the active coping styleplays a partial mediating role between depression and QOL in medical staff. The hospital management departments can improve the quality of life of medical staff by cultivating and improving their mental health and active coping level.

Mediating effect of coping style on self-efficacy and perceived stress of medical staff

GAO Tingye, LI Guangjian, KONG Yaping, TANG Xiaowei, WANG Zhou

2023, 39(16):  2214-2217. 

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Objective To explore the mediating role of coping styles between self-efficacy and perceived stress in front-line medical staff. Methods From August to October of 2021,250 front-line medical workers in Yangzhou City were investigated with the general self-efficacy scale（GSES）,the Chinese perceived stress scale（CPSS） and the simplified copying style questionnaire（SCSQ）. Results The self-efficacy score of front-line epidemic medical staff in Yangzhou City was （2.86±0.41）points,the positive coping score was （25.20±6.01）points,the negative coping score was （10.30±4.44）points,and the stress perception score was （21.76±6.70） points.The perceived stress and its two dimensions were negatively correlated with self-efficacy and positive coping style（r=-0.544--0.177,all P<0.05）,the perceived stress and its two dimensions were negatively correlated with negative coping style（r=0.123-0.405,all P<0.05）,the self-efficacy was positively correlated with positive coping style（r=0.512,P<0.05）,and was not correlated with negative coping style（P>0.05）. Both self-efficacy and positive coping style can negatively predict perceived stress（β=-0.338--0.331,all P<0.05）,and the negative coping style can positively predict perceived stress（β=0.358,P<0.05）.The positive coping style played a mediating role in the influence of self-efficacy on perceived stress,and the mediating effect accounts for 26.03% of the total effect. Conclusion The self-efficacy can not only directly and negatively affect the perceived stress of medical staff,but also negatively affect the perceived stress of medical staff through the mediation of positive coping style.

Investigation on prevalence of chronic diseases among bank employees in Tianjin and analysis on influencing factors

XIA Chunyan, XIE Jinli, ZHANG Yuxian, BI Xun, YAO Zhanxin, LIU Ying

2023, 39(16):  2218-2224. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of chronic diseases in bank employees and its influencing factors,provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Methods A two-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 1 736 employees of six banks in Tianjin as the research object from July to December 2021.The questionnaire survey,physical examination,imaging examination,and laboratory biochemical index detection were used to understand the prevalence of chronic diseases.The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of major chronic diseases. Results The prevalence of chronic diseases was 75.75%,of which 50.58% of bank employees in Tianjin had two or more chronic diseases. The top two in the prevalence of chronic diseases were dyslipidemia（33.64%） and fatty liver（32.26%）. The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for dyslipidemia were male,50-60 years old,obesity and depression（OR=1.557,2.449,1.992,1.449,all P<0.05）,and the protective factors for dyslipidemia were master's degree or above and moderate physical activity（OR=0.520,0.742,both P<0.05）. The risk factors for fatty liver disease were being married,overweight,obese,and salty taste（OR=1.618,2.373,7.412,1.613,all P<0.05）,and the protective factors for fatty liver disease were college or undergraduate education,master's degree or above,and moderate physical activity（OR=0.479,0.449,0.686,all P<0.05）. Conclusions The chronic diseases of bank employees are mainly dyslipidemia and fatty liver in Tianjin. Depression,salty taste,low education,and smoking increase the risk of chronic diseases among bank employees. Low physical activity,overweight/obesity are common risk factors for dyslipidemia and fatty liver. It is necessary to pay attention to the psychological health problems of employees,advocate a low salt diet,appropriately increase physical exercise,develop good living habits,and prevent and control the occurrence and development of chronic diseases among employees.

Analysis on status quo of career success and its correlation with adversity quotient and engagement in cardiology department nurses from five grade-A tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province

FAN Chunmei, ZOU Ling

2023, 39(16):  2225-2229. 

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Objective To investigate the status and correlation of adversity quotient,engagement and career success of nurses in cardiology department of grade-A tertiary hospitals,analyze the mediating role of engagement in adversity quotient and career success of nurses. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to investigate 217 nurses in cardiology department of five grade-A tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province from May to June 2022 with general information questionnaire,adversity quotient scale,engagement scale and career success scale. The mediating effect was analyzed by AMOS 24.0 software. Results The score of adversity quotient of nurses incardiology department of grade-A tertiary hospitals was（141.58±16.57）points,the score of engagement was （31.54±8.72）points,and the score of career success was （36.11±8.64）points. The univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the scores of adversity quotient among cardiology department nurses with different gender,marital status,education level,professional title,length of service in and job category（all P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the engagement scores among cardiology department nurses with different marital status,education level,contract type,professional title,length of service in the department of cardiology,and job category（all P<0.01）.There were statistically significant differences in the career success scores among cardiology department nurses with different gender education level,contract type,professional title,length of service in department of cardiology,and job category（all P<0.01）. The correlation analysis showed that the total score and each dimension score of adversity quotient and the total score and each dimension score of engagement were positively correlated with the total score and each dimension score of career success（all P<0.05）. The mediating effect analysis showed that engagement partially mediated the relationship between adversity quotient and career success,with the mediating effect of 0.105,accounting for 19.41% of the total effect. Conclusion The career success level of nurses in cardiology department of grade-A tertiary hospitals needs to be further improved,and adversity quotient and engagement have a positive role in promoting it,so nursing managers should strengthen the training of nurses' adversity quotient to improve their engagement and work engagement and promote the career success of nurses.

Analysis on disease burden and changing trend of malignant tumors of gallbladder and biliary tract in Jiangsu Province from 1990-2019

LIANG Ji, ZHOU Jinyi, LIU Fudong, HAN Renqiang, WU Lingling, YU Hao

2023, 39(16):  2230-2234. 

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Objective To analyze the disease burden and trends of malignant tumors of the gallbladder and biliary tract（here in after referred to as biliary tract tumors） in Jiangsu Province from 1990 to 2019,in order to understand the current situation and epidemic trend,and provide scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods Using the results of the 2019 global burden of disease（GBD） study,disease burden indicators such as morbidity,mortality,disability adjusted of life years（DALY）,years of life lost（YLL） and years lost due to disability（YLD） were selected.The GBD 2019 global standard population was used to standardize the relevant indicators,and the Joinpoint model was used to calculate the annual percentage change（APC） to analyze the changing trend of the disease burden of biliary tract tumors. Results In 2019,there were 4 055 cases of biliary tract tumors in Jiangsu Province and 3 105 deaths.From 1990 to 2019,the incidence rate increased from 1.34/100 000 to 4.92/100 000,and the mortality rate increased from 1.24/100 000 to 3.76/100 000,both the upward trends were statistically significant（APC=5.55%,4.81%,both P<0.05）,the standardized incidence rate,standardized mortality rate,standardized DALY rate,standardized YLL rate and standardized YLD rate all showed an upward trend（APC=2.63%,1.71%,1.71%,1.71%,2.74%,all P<0.05）. Conclusion From 1990 to 2019,the incidence and mortality of biliary tract tumors in Jiangsu Province show a significant upward trend,and the disease burden is heavy,so the screening and prevention of biliary tract tumors should be strengthened.

Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of AIDS among the elderly aged ≥60 years old in Hebei Province from 2012-2021

WU Xiaoxue, ZHANG Yali, WANG Xiaofeng, WANG Wei, MA Lin

2023, 39(16):  2235-2239. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS） among the elderly aged ≥60 years old in Hebei Province from 2012 to 2021,provide data reference for the formulation of prevention and control strategies in the future. Methods The human immunodeficiency virus（HIV） infections/AIDS patients aged ≥60 years old reported in Hebei Province from 2012 to 2021 were collected through the AIDS Prevention and Control Basic Information System,and the characteristics of the epidemic situation,regional distribution,gender and age distribution,demographics,transmission routes,and sample sources were analyzed. Results From 2012 to 2021,a total of 1 426 HIV infections/AIDS patients in the elderly aged ≥60 years old were reported in Hebei Province,including 898 HIV infections（63.0%） and 528 AIDS patients（37.0%）.The number of reported cases increased from 33 to 229,with an average growth rate of 24.0%. The proportion of reported cases increased from 4.5% to 9.0%. There were differences in regional distribution. The top three cities of reported cases were City 1,City 6 and City 2. The cases were mainly occurred in male（84.7%）,with a sex ratio of 5.5∶1.The average age at the time of reporting was （67.0±5.9）years old,and 70.8% were aged 60-70 years old.The occupation was mainly peasant,accounting for 53.1%,and the education level was mainly junior high school,accounting for 34.6%. 97.7% of cases are Han nationality,and the marital status was mainly married with a spouse,accounting for 65.4%. The proportions of heterosexual transmission and homosexual transmission were both higher,at 48.9% and 47.4%,respectively. The heterosexual transmission was mainly in non-marital and non-commercial ways,moreover, men were mainly infected by commercial sex,accounting for 37.0%,while women were infected by positive spouse,accounting for 44.2%. The main sources of samples were medical institutions,accounting for 71.5%. Conclusions From 2012 to 2021,the number of HIV infections/AIDS patients in the elderly aged ≥60 years old in Hebei Province increases rapidly,and the regional distribution is different,showing the characteristics of heterosexual transmission,low educational level,and passive detection. The precise prevention and control should be done to prevent the spread of AIDS among the elderly.

Mediating effect of professional self-doubt on relationship between compassion fatigue and depression among psychological counselors

YANG Xiangzhen, GUO Fei, CHEN Zhiyan

2023, 39(16):  2240-2244. 

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Objective To understand the status quo of compassion fatigue,professional self-doubt and depression among psychological counselors,analyze their relationships,and verify the mediating role of professional self-doubt in association between compassion fatigue and depression. Methods From December 2021 to February 2022,a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 psychological consultants by on-line way to perform the questionnaire survey by the professional quality of life scale（ProQOL）,professional self-doubt（PSD） and center for epidemiological studies depression scale（CES-D）,and the data were analyzed. Results The scores of two dimensions of compassion fatigue were （38.06±5.87）points for compassion satisfaction and （21.92±4.69）points for job burnout. The professional self-doubt score was （1.33±0.71）points,and the depression score was 4.00（2.00,8.00）points. The compassion satisfaction was negatively correlated with professional self-doubt and depression （r=-0.439,-0.456,both P<0.01）. The job burnout was positively correlated with professional self-doubt and depression（r=0.669,0.459,both P<0.01）. The professional self-doubt was positively correlated with depression（r=0.499,P<0.1）. The professional self-doubt played a mediating role between compassion fatigue and depression of psychological counselors（β=0.25,P<0.01）,and the mediating effect value was 0.25,accounting for 48.1% of the total effect. Conclusions The compassion fatigue is an important influencing factor of psychological counselors' depression,and professional self-doubt plays a mediating role between them. The interventions which aim at reducing the professional self-doubt of psychological counselors will help decrease the risk of their depression.

Analysis on status quo and influencing factors of self-supporting ability among 350 rural elderly in Hunan Province

XIA Qing, XIAO Fengfeng, PENG Xinyu, YOU Yafei, WANG Donghua

2023, 39(16):  2245-2248. 

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Objective To study the status and influencing factors of self-supporting ability of elderly people in rural areas in Hunan Province. Methods From July to September 2021,a total of 350 elderly people from five rural areas in Hunan Province were selected as the research objects by the convenience sampling. The questionnaire investigation was general information questionnaire,self-supporting ability questionnaire for elderly people,simplified Chinese version of the autonomous perception scale,death anxiety scale and Lubben social network scale-6,and the data were analyzed. Results The score of self-supporting ability of rural elderly was （178.06±19.26）points. The perceived autonomy and social isolation were positively correlated with the self-supporting ability of the rural elderly（r=0.740,0.318,both P<0.01）,while death anxiety was negatively correlated with the self-supporting ability of the rural elderly（r=-0.308,P<0.01）.The number of chronic diseases,perceived autonomy,death anxiety and social isolation were the influencing factors of self-supporting ability of the rural elderly（all P<0.05）. Conclusions The self-supporting ability of the rural elderly is at a high level. The people with higher level of the perceived autonomy,the lower level of death anxiety and the lower degree of social isolation have the higher level of self-supporting ability.It is necessary to improve the self-supporting ability of the rural elderly and promote their active aging.

Correlation analysis between hospital admission risk and air pollutants in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Hefei City from 2015-2021

XU Dongsheng, LI Huiping, ZHANG Xiaohong, ZHANG Guowen, NIE Huanhuan

2023, 39(16):  2249-2253. 

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Objective To explore the association between the concentrations of fine particulate matter（PM_2.5）,inhalable particulate matter（PM₁₀）,sulfur dioxide（SO₂）,carbon monoxide（CO）,nitrogen dioxide（NO₂） and ozone 8 h（O_3-8h） in Hefei and the risk of hospital admission in patients with acute coronary syndrome（ACS）. Methods The admission data（gender,age,the days of hospitalization,and hospitalization costs） of 3 475 ACS patients who were admitted to agrade-A tertiary hospital in Hefei City and air pollutant indicators were collected from March 2015 to December 2021. The Spearman method was used to analyze their correlation. Results The number of admissions of ACS patients was positively correlated with PM₁₀ and NO₂（all P<0.05）.The days of hospitalization were positively correlated with CO（P<0.05）. The hospitalization costs were positively correlated with PM₁₀ and SO₂（all P<0.05）. The number of admissions of male patients was positively correlated with PM₁₀,PM_2.5,SO₂ and NO₂ in autumn（all P<0.05）.The number of admissions of male patients was positively correlated with PM₁₀,SO₂ and NO₂ in winter（all P<0.05）. Conclusion The PM₁₀ and NO₂ are the most important pollutants that increase the admission risk of ACS patients in Hefei City,males are potentially susceptible in autumn and winter,and air pollution can both increase the per capita hospitalization burden and the overall hospitalization burden of ACS patients.

Analysis on current situation and influencing factors of cognition and anti-smoking attitude towards e-cigarettes among junior high school students in Shanghai

HU Qitao,WANG Juanjuan,LU Weiyi,ZHANG Lulu,ZHU Jingfen

2023, 39(16):  2254-2258. 

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Objective To understand the status and influencing factors of cognition and anti-smoking attitude of e-cigarettes among junior high school students in Shanghai. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 2 281 junior high school students randomly selected in Shanghai from October to December in 2021.The survey content includes tobacco prevalence,e-cigarette cognition and anti-smoking attitude,and future e-cigarette use intention. And the data were analyzed. Results The attempt rate of e-cigarette among junior high school students in Shanghai was 2.54%,and the rate in boys（3.18%） was higher than that in girls （1.91%）. The scores of e-cigarette hazard cognition,benefit cognition and anti-smoking attitude among junior high school students in Shanghai were （25.46±6.00）,（15.82±9.12） and （13.84±2.60）points,respectively. The average scores of e-cigarette hazard cognition,benefit cognition and anti-smoking attitude were （25.46±6.00）,（15.82±9.12） and （13.84±2.60）points,respectively. The junior high school students with poor achievement,more pocket money,friends and personal use of cigarettes and friends,family and personal use of e-cigarettes showed lower hazard perception of e-cigarettes（t/F=14.99,8.40,2.84,4.63,4.99,6.08,6.72,all P<0.05）,more negative attitudes towards smoking ban（t/F=34.31,8.35,4.61,3.70,4.89,3.14,5.92,all P<0.05）,and higher benefit perception（t/F=11.18,18.80,7.20,2.54,7.59,2.56,3.39,all P<0.05）. The gender and grade were related to the cognition of e-cigarette（t/F=3.05,7.13,both P<0.05）,and boys and junior high school students with higher grades had lower perception of the hazards of e-cigarettes. The higher the risk awareness of e-cigarettes as well as the more positive the attitude towards smoking banning,the weaker willingness of the junior high school students to smoke e-cigarettes in the future（aOR=0.92,95%CI：0.89-0.95;aOR=0.88,95%CI：0.82-0.94）. The higher the benefit perception,the stronger the participants' willingness to smoke e-cigarettes in the future（aOR=1.04,95%CI：1.01-1.07）. Conclusions The cognition and attitude of e-cigarettes affect the willingness of junior high school students to use e-cigarettes in the future. The main factors affecting the cognition and attitude towards e-cigarettes of junior high school students in Shanghai are pocket money,grades,as well as parents,friends and individuals use of e-cigarettes.Improving junior high school students' correct cognition of e-cigarettes and support for anti-smoking requires more comprehensive measures.

Correlation study on occupational cognition level of elderly care and employment intention of nursing students of junior college in three colleges and universities in Xi'an City

CHENG Ying, REN Xiaoran, FENG Xiangyan, SUN Yuyao, KANG Fengjuan

2023, 39(16):  2259-2263. 

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Objective By investigating the occupational cognition level of elderly care in nursing students of junior college,explore its influencing factors,and further understand their employment willingness,so as to provide a reliable basis for the nursing colleges to train technical and technical talents for aged nursing in the future. Methods In September 2021,246 nursing students of junior college were sampled from three colleges and universities in Xi'an City using the convenience sampling method. The general information questionnaire,the elderly care occupational cognition questionnaire,and the aged care employment intention questionnaire were applied,and the data were analyzed. Results The score of occupational cognition of elderly care in nursing students of junior college in xi’an was （28.38±6.43）points,the score of cognitive dimension of aged care work was （14.82±3.29） points,and the score of cognitive dimension of aged care status was（14.82±3.29）points. 174（70.7%） nursing students indicated that they are very willing or more willing to engage in aged care work. The source region of students,the first choice for enrollment,the experience of serving as a club/class cadre,and the participation in volunteer activities for caring for the elderly were the main factors influencing the occupational cognition scores of nursing students in elderly nursing（all P<0.05）. There was a significant positive correlation between the occupational cognition level of elderly nursing and the employment intention of elderly nursing（P<0.05）. Conclusions The nursing students of junior college in Xi’an have a low level of occupational cognition of elderly nursing but their willingness to obtain employment in elderly nursing work is relatively high. It is necessary to encourage colleges and universities to offer elderly care majors and cultivate elderly care professionals,so as to alleviate the conflict between the late beginning of the elderly care in China and the urgent development of the current elderly care.

Cross-sectional study on status of cognitive function and correlation with TV viewing time of the elderly in community from three provinces in China

HU Yanan, QI Shige, WANG Dan, WANG Qiutong, ZHANG Zhihang, WANG Baohua

2023, 39(16):  2264-2268. 

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Objective To analyze the cognitive function of the elderly in the community,explore the its relationship with the length of TV watching. Methods This study used the survey data of key disease prevention and intervention projects in the elderly from January 2019 to December 2020,in which the mini mental state examination（MMSE） was used for cognitive function evaluation. The SAS 9.4 statistical software was used for descriptive analysis, χ² test and Kruskal-Walis were used for correlation analysis,and ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between different TV viewing hours and cognitive function of the elderly in the community. Results Totally 10 347 subjects were included,there were 1 972 people with cognitive abnormalities,and the detection rate of cognitive abnormality was 19.06%（95%CI：18.30-19.82）. The overall score of cognitive function was （24.53±5.11）points,among which the scores of orientationability,immediate memory,attention and calculationability,recall ability,language and space-time ability were （8.85±1.84）,（2.73±0.72）,（3.12±1.87）,（2.07±1.46）,（7.77±1.46）points,respectively. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors,the logistic regression analysis showed that,compared with the subjects who watched TV for 0-2 h/d,the scores of orientation ability（OR=0.770,95%CI：0.691-0.856）,attention and calculationability（OR=0.820,95%CI：0.740-0.908）,memory ability（OR=0.865,95%CI：0.779-0.962）,language and visual spatial ability（OR=0.839,95%CI：0.757-0.929） and MMSE total score（OR=0.766,95%CI：0.695-0.845） in the elderly who did not watch TV were lower,the scores of orientation ability（OR=1.126,95%CI：1.019-1.245）,immediate memory（OR=1.433,95%CI：1.228-1.673）,attention and calculation ability（OR=1.122,95%CI：1.024-1.229）, language and visual spatial ability（OR=1.100,95%CI：1.003-1.206）and MMSE total score（OR=1.129,95%CI：1.035-1.232）in the elderly who watched TV >2-4 h/d were higher,and the scores of orientation ability（OR=1.231,95%CI：1.021-1.485）,attention and calculation ability（OR=1.213,95%CI：1.025-1.436）,language and visual spatial ability（OR=1.198,95%CI：1.011-1.419） and MMSE total score（OR=1.256,95%CI：1.071-1.472） in the elderly who watched TV >4-6 h/d were higher. Conclusions Not watching TV and watching TV for more than 6h/d may be related to cognitive abnormalities of the elderly in the community. It is suggested that the daily duration of watching TV should be controlled within 6 hours.

Visual analysis of relationship between sleep quality and depression in a social media environment based on Web of Science

ZHANG Xiaona, ZHU Xinhong, DING Linlin, XIONG Zhenfang, LI Zhihan, JIANG Hao

2023, 39(16):  2269-2275. 

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Objective To analyze the trends of research on the relationship between sleep quality and depression in the social media environment in the last 10 years. Methods A Web of Science core collection was searched on the topics of social media,depression and sleep quality. The search time limit was from January 2012 to June 2022,and the included literature was analyzed using CiteSpace visualization software. Results A total of 1 173 relevant articles were included,and the number of relevant studies is increasing and showing a trend of growth year by year. The top three countries in terms of number of publications were USA,China and England. The institution with the highest number of publications was Harvard Medical School,followed by the University of Sydney and the University of Pittsburgh. There were five authors who published more than five articles. The research hotspots focused on cognitive behavioral therapy,older adults,physical activity,ecological momentary assessment,patterns,video games,response,coronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19） and bipolar disorder,forming nine clusters. The research frontiers included an exploration of digital media and information technology. Conclusions The analysis of keywords and burst words reveals that the research themes in this field in recent years have focused on the effects of Internet addiction on people's sleep quality,the investigation of the current situation of social media users' mental health and intervention measures.While the number of publications is increasing year by year,there is less cooperation between authors and research institutions,the distribution of research institutions is more scattered,the necessary communication and exchange is lacking,and the mutual recognition of scholars is low. In the future,it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation and exchange between different scholars and different institutions to jointly promote the development of research in this field.

Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults：A meta-analysis

LIAO Jiaqian, WANG Guorong, YANG Jing, ZHANG Tian, DENG Xiaoyuan, LIU Yao

2023, 39(16):  2276-2281. 

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Objective To systematically evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） among Chinese adults. Methods The studies on NAFLD in Chinese adults were searched in databases of CNKI,WanFang Data,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library,and Embase,from inception to March 31,2022. Two researchers performed literature screening and data extraction,and assessed the quality of these studies. Meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 15.0 software. Results Totally 60 studies were included,involving 354 335 cases.The overall prevalence of NAFLD in Chinese adults was 25.5%（95%CI：22.8%-28.2%）. The subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of NAFLD increased over time. The prevalence of men was higher than that of women. The prevalence of men increased significantly in 29-<39 years old group,and reached a peak at 39-<49 years old group. The prevalence of women increased significantly 49-<59 years old group,and reached a peak at 59-<69 years old group. The higher the body mass index,the higher the prevalence. The prevalence in the northern region was higher than that in the southern region. Conclusions The prevalence of NAFLD in Chinese adults is high,with differences in prevalence by gender,age, body mass index and region. The national health department should develop a precise prevention and control strategy to curb the prevalence of NAFLD in China.

Investigation and Research

Analysis on epidemic characteristics of occupational noise-induced deafness in Sichuan Province from 2012-2021

JIANG Enfei, SHANG Weiwei, DU Lili

2023, 39(16):  2282-2286. 

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Objective To study the characteristics of occupational noise-induced deafness in Sichuan Province and provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of occupational noise-induced deafness. Methods The new cases of occupational noise-induced deafness reported by the occupational disease and health hazards monitoring information system in Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2021 and information of occupational health surveillance of noise exposed workers from 2015 to 2021 were collected,and the data were analyzed. Results A total of 875 cases of occupational noise-induced deafness were reported in Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2021,including 808 males and 67 females. The average age of onset was （45.6±7.2）years old,and the difference in the age of onset was statistically significant between sex groups（Ρ<0.05）. The average length of service at onset[M（P₂₅,P₇₅）] was 11.0（7.0,20.0）years. The cases were majority distributed in Chengdu City（340 cases） and Deyang City（319 cases）,accounting for 75.4% of the total cases in the province. There were 313 cases in the large-sized enterprises and 315 in the medium-sized enterprises,accounting for 71.8% of the total cases. In terms of economic type,the cases in non-public economic enterprises were the most,accounting for 71.5%,and the length of service of the cases was shorter than that of the cases in public economic enterprises,and the difference was statistically significant（Ρ<0.05）. The cases concentrated in manufacturing industry,which accounted for 70.8%（619 cases）. Conclusions From 2012 to 2021,the number of occupational noise-induced deafness reported in Sichuan Province is fluctuating and rising,with a short length of service at onset,and it has regional and industry clustering,which the harm is still relatively serious. It is necessary to urge the employing units to implement the main responsibility and control the noise hazard from the source,to protect the health of workers.

Overview

Research progress of physiology mechanism and intervention measures for nurses' job burnout

GUO Ying, FAN Ling

2023, 39(16):  2287-2290. 

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The foreign research on nurses' job burnout has a history of more than 30 years,in which the incidence,influencing factors,assessment tools and intervention measures have been deeply studied and discussed.In recent years,China also made breakthrough progress in nurses' occupation burnout,the research scope expands unceasingly,and the level is more profound. After systematic review of domestic and foreign literature in recent years,this article reviews the physiological changes and interventions of nurses after job burnout,including interventions at the individual level,organizational level,comprehensive level,interventions during the major public health emergencies and the correct application of interventions,so as to provide a reference for future research.

Research progress on harm and protection of surgical smoke on exposed population

LIU Aobo, ZHI Hui, SHAN Dandan, FAN Xiaowen, XU Li, SHANG Kun

2023, 39(16):  2291-2294. 

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The surgical smoke contains gaseous compounds （such as carbon monoxide,benzene,toluene,hydrogen cyanide,sevoflurane）,pathogens（such as human papillomavirus,human immunodeficiency virus,hepatitis B virus）,surviving cancer cells,blood debris,bacteria and other harmful substances,which are extremely harmful to the respiratory system,circulatory system,nervous system and other systems of the exposed population. However,due to the hidden nature of the harm,most surgical related medical personnel lack relevant knowledge and ignore the harm of surgical smoke to their health. The paper summarizes the harm of surgical smoke exposed people,smoke exhaust system in operating room,personal protection,smoke reduction,education of operating room staff and other protective measures and protection status,so as to provide reference for surgical related medical personnel and decision-makers.

Research progress on occupational exposure and protection strategies of antineoplastic drugs

CHENG Jintao, HUANG Xiaohong, ZHANG Shuangfei, YUAN Meng

2023, 39(16):  2295-2299. 

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The antineoplastic drugsare one of the main treatment methods of tumor diseases,but occupational exposure will harm the occupational health of workers. The paper reviews the research on occupational hazards of antineoplastic drugs at home and abroad,analyzes its impact on the occupational safety of medical staff,and sums up targeted protective measures,so as to provide reference basis forthe construction of occupational safety systemfor medical staff,lay a solid foundation for reducing the occupational injury of people exposed to antineoplastic drugs and the healthy development of oncology specialty in the future,and provide reference for occupational disease prevention and control departments to formulate occupational environmental health standards and protective guidelines suitable for China's national conditions.

Research progress on hygienic detection methods of Legionella pneumophila in central air conditioning and ventilation system

YAN Xu, ZHANG Yujing, YE Dan, YANG Wenjing, LIAO Yan, PAN Lijun

2023, 39(16):  2300-2304. 

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Legionella pneumophila is the main pathogenic factor leading to Legionnaires' disease. Legionella pneumophila may breed in the central air conditioning cooling system. It is important to detect Legionella pneumophila accurately and efficiently for its prevention and control. The paper briefly reviews themethods commonly used in the detection of Legionella pneumophila,introduces the methods of bacterial isolation and culture,fluorescence quantitative PCR（quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR） detection and enzyme substrate detection,and compares the advantages and problems of several methods in the detection of Legionella pneumophila.