职业与健康 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (22): 3058-3063.

• 论著—职业卫生与职业相关疾病 • 上一篇    下一篇

半定量风险评估模型在贵金属回收提炼企业湿法酸溶提纯工艺中的应用研究

喻业嘉, 孙飞, 谭成龙, 崔鹂()   

  1. 深圳市龙岗区疾病预防控制中心广东 深圳 518172
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03 修回日期:2025-12-16 出版日期:2026-11-15 发布日期:2026-09-20
  • 通信作者: 崔鹂,E-mail:421116895@qq.com
  • 作者简介:喻业嘉,男,主管医师,主要从事职业卫生与监测工作。
  • 基金资助:
    深圳市龙岗区科技计划项目[LGWJ2023-(004)]

Study on the application of semi-quantitative risk assessment model in wet acid dissolution purification process of precious metal recovery and refining enterprises

YU Yejia, SUN Fei, TAN Chenglong, CUI Li()   

  1. Shenzhen Longgang District Center for Disease Control and PreventionShenzhenGuangdong 518172, China
  • Received:2025-11-03 Revised:2025-12-16 Online:2026-11-15 Published:2026-09-20
  • Contact: CUI Li,E-mail:421116895@qq.com

摘要:

目的 通过半定量风险评估模型识别贵金属回收提炼企业湿法酸溶提纯工艺关键危害因素与风险岗位,为行业职业健康管理提供数据支撑和防控策略。方法 2024—2025年以深圳市龙岗区13家采用湿法酸溶提纯工艺的贵金属回收提炼企业为研究对象,通过职业卫生现场调查收集数据资料,结合《工作场所化学有害因素职业健康风险评估技术导则》的半定量风险评估模型及罗马尼亚职业事故与职业病风险评估方法,评估危害等级、接触等级、风险指数及总体风险指数(overall risk index,Nr),确定风险等级。结果 该工艺涉及主要危害因素包括:高风险因素(一氧化碳、硝酸、硫酸)(Nr=4),占比18.75%;中等风险因素(盐酸、氢氧化钠、氨等8种)(Nr=3),占比50%;低风险因素(具体因素5种)(Nr=2),占比31.25%。岗位风险分布以酸溶与还原岗位风险占比最高,岗位人数占比超50%;行业总体风险等级为中等。结论 该工艺中一氧化碳、硝酸、硫酸为关键高风险因素,酸溶与还原岗位为重点风险管控岗位。建议通过工艺优化、智能化监测及分级管控策略,降低行业总体风险等级至“低风险”水平。

关键词: 半定量, 风险评估, 贵金属回收提炼, 湿法酸溶提纯工艺, 危害因素, 职业健康

Abstract:

Objective To identify the key hazard factors and risk positions in the wet acid dissolution purification process of precious metal recycling and refining enterprises through a semi-quantitative risk assessment model,and to provide data support and prevention and control strategies for occupational health management in the industry. Methods From 2024 to 2025,13 precious metal recycling and refining enterprises in Longgang District,Shenzhen City that adopted the wet acid dissolution purification process were taken as the research objects. Data and information were collected through on-site investigation of occupational health. Combined with the semi-quantitative risk assessment model of "Technical Guidelines for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazardous Factors in the Workplace" and the risk assessment method of occupational accidents and occupational diseases in Romania,the hazard level,exposure level,risk index and overall risk index(Nr) were evaluated to determine the risk level. Results The main hazard factors in this process were classified into three risk levels. The high-risk factors(Nr=4) included carbon monoxide,nitric acid,and sulfuric acid,accounting for 18.75%. The medium-risk factors(Nr=3),comprising hydrochloric acid,sodium hydroxide,ammonia,and five other substances,accounted for 50.00%. The low-risk factors(Nr=2) included five specific factors,accounting for 31.25%. The distribution of job risks was characterized by the highest proportion of acid dissolution and reduction job risks,with the number of people in these positions accounting for more than 50%. The overall risk level of the industry was medium. Conclusion In this process,carbon monoxide,nitric acid and sulfuric acid are the key high-risk factors,and the acid dissolution and reduction positions are the key risk control positions. It is suggested that the overall risk level of the industry be reduced to a "low-risk" level through process optimization,intelligent monitoring and hierarchical control strategies.

Key words: Semi-quantitative, Risk assessment, Precious metal recovery and refining, Wet acid dissolution purification process, Hazardous factors, Occupational health

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