六安市饮用水中金属和类金属元素的健康风险评估及源解析

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的研究六安市饮用水中金属和类金属（后简称“金属”）元素的健康风险，并分析潜在的污染来源。方法 2024年采集六安市每个季度的饮用水样品，出厂水311份和末梢水835份，使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer，ICP-MS）检测饮用水中21种金属元素，对六安市饮用水中金属元素的浓度进行描述性统计，依据WS/T 777—2021《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》的风险评估模型评估饮用水中金属元素的非致癌健康风险，利用主成分分析（principal components analysis，PCA）识别饮用水中金属的可能污染源，并运用绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归（absolute principal component scores-multivariate linear regression，APCS-MLR）定量分析污染源的贡献。结果除了少数样品中的铝、铁、硒、锰和锑超过国家饮用水卫生限值以外，六安市饮用水中金属元素均在国家生活饮用水卫生限值以内。饮用水中13种金属元素的非致癌健康风险均<1，成人和儿童分别为0.319和0.257，成人大于儿童。经皮吸收的非致癌健康风险远小于经口摄入的非致癌健康风险。砷对非致癌健康风险的贡献率最高，对成人和儿童的贡献率分别为85.75%和84.57%。源解析表明，饮用水中金属元素可能污染源分别是自然污染、工业污染、水厂污染和农业污染，贡献率分别为34.79%、15.82%、12.87%和15.88%。结论六安市饮用水中13种金属元素的非致癌健康风险较低。砷是饮用水中金属元素非致癌健康风险的主要污染物，自然污染是饮用水中金属元素的主要污染源。

关键词: 饮用水, 金属元素, 健康风险, 源解析

Abstract:

Objective To study the health risks of metal and metal-like（hereinafter referred to as “metal”） elements in drinking water in Lu'an City and analyze the potential pollution sources. Methods In 2024，drinking water samples of each quarter in Lu'an City were collected，including 311 factory water samples and 835 terminal water samples. Totally 21 metal elements in the drinking water were detected by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS），and the descriptive statistics of the concentrations of metal elements in the drinking water of Lu'an City were conducted. The non-carcinogenic health risks of metal elements in drinking water were evaluated based on the risk assessment model in WS/T 777-2021“Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances”. The possible pollution sources of metals in drinking water were identified by using the principal component analysis（PCA）. The contribution of pollution sources was quantitatively analyzed by using the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression（APCS-MRL）. Results Except for a few samples where aluminium，iron，selenium，manganese and antimony exceeded the national drinking water hygiene limits，all the metal elements in the drinking water of Lu'an City were within the national drinking water hygiene limits. The non-carcinogenic health risks of the 13 metal elements in drinking water were all less than 1，which were 0.319 for adults and 0.257 for children respectively，and higher for adults than for children. The non-carcinogenic health risks of transdermal absorption were much lower than those of oral intake. The arsenic had the highest contribution rate to non-carcinogenic health risks，with contribution rates of 85.75% to adults and 84.57% to children，respectively. The source apportionment indicated that the possible pollution sources of metal elements in drinking water are natural pollution，industrial pollution，water plant pollution and agricultural pollution respectively，with contribution rates of 34.79%，15.82%，12.87% and 15.88% respectively. Conclusions The non-carcinogenic health risks of 13 metal elements in drinking water in Lu'an City are relatively low. Arsenic is the main pollutant of non-carcinogenic health risks of metal elements in drinking water. Natural pollution is the main source of metal elements in drinking water.

Key words: Drinking water, Metal element, Health risk, Source apportionment

中图分类号:

R123.1

曾勇, 李鹏飞, 杨洋, 王旭, 杨林胜, 吕勇. 六安市饮用水中金属和类金属元素的健康风险评估及源解析. [J]职业与健康, 2026, 42(8): 1127-1131.

ZENG Yong, LI Pengfei, YANG Yang, WANG Xu, YANG Linsheng, LYU Yong. Health risk assessment and source apportionment of metals and metal-like elements in drinking water of Lu'an City. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(8): 1127-1131.

图/表 5

参考文献 34

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人群分类	日均饮水量（L/d）	体质量（kg）	皮肤表面积（cm²）
成人	3.001	61.7	16 000
6岁儿童	0.994	25.9	9 700

人群分类	日均饮水量（L/d）	体质量（kg）	皮肤表面积（cm²）
成人	3.001	61.7	16 000
6岁儿童	0.994	25.9	9 700

元素	经口RfD[μg/（kg·d）]	来源	ABS_g（%）	来源
Al	1 000	ATSDR[23]	20	文献[12]
Fe	700	文献[12]	1.4	文献[12]
As	0.06	IRIS[24]	95	文献[12]
Zn	300	IRIS	20	文献[12]
Mn	140	IRIS	4	文献[12]
Ni	20	IRIS	4	文献[12]
Cu	40	文献[12]	57	文献[12]
Sr	600	IRIS	20	文献[12]
Ba	200	IRIS	7	文献[12]
Se	5	IRIS	100	文献[18]
B	200	IRIS	100	文献[18]
Mo	5	IRIS	—
Sb	0.4	IRIS	2	文献[20]

元素	经口RfD[μg/（kg·d）]	来源	ABS_g（%）	来源
Al	1 000	ATSDR[23]	20	文献[12]
Fe	700	文献[12]	1.4	文献[12]
As	0.06	IRIS[24]	95	文献[12]
Zn	300	IRIS	20	文献[12]
Mn	140	IRIS	4	文献[12]
Ni	20	IRIS	4	文献[12]
Cu	40	文献[12]	57	文献[12]
Sr	600	IRIS	20	文献[12]
Ba	200	IRIS	7	文献[12]
Se	5	IRIS	100	文献[18]
B	200	IRIS	100	文献[18]
Mo	5	IRIS	—
Sb	0.4	IRIS	2	文献[20]

元素	样品数（份）	检出数 [份（%）]	不合格数 [份（%）]	监测浓度范围（μg/L）	M（QR）（μg/L）	卫生限值（μg/L）
Li	1 146	922（80.45）		ND~21.40	2.33（3.04）	—
Be	1 146	473（41.27）	0（0.00）	ND~0.15	0.02（0.03）	2
Al	1 146	1 100（95.99）	74（6.46）	ND~2 158.37	34.07（57.98）	200
Fe	1 146	1 146（100.00）	3（0.26）	ND~827.39	13.08（17.16）	300
As	1 146	1 060（92.50）	0（0.00）	ND~4.89	0.35（0.36）	10
Se	1 146	664（57.94）	21（1.83）	ND~20.99	0.19（0.54）	10
Zn	1 146	904（78.88）	0（0.00）	ND~669.71	2.79（6.03）	1 000
B	1 146	803（70.07）	0（0.00）	ND~295.73	5.22（8.53）	1 000
Cr	1 146	484（42.23）	0（0.00）	ND~1.72	0.05（0.11）	50^a
Mn	1 146	1 077（93.98）	1（0.09）	ND~158.12	1.41（3.57）	100
Ni	1 146	913（79.67）	0（0.00）	ND~10.29	0.26（0.31）	20
Cu	1 146	1 099（95.90）	0（0.00）	ND~19.90	1.05（0.95）	1 000
Sr	1 146	1 146（100.00）		18.92~733.39	115.28（65.87）
Mo	1 146	1 143（99.74）	0（0.00）	ND~3.19	0.58（0.40）	70
Ag	872	231（26.49）	0（0.00）	ND~1.32	0.05（0.00）	50
Cd	1 146	204（17.80）	0（0.00）	ND~0.71	0.03（0.00）	5
Sb	1 146	665（58.03）	4（0.35）	ND~16.10	0.10（0.16）	5
Ba	1 146	1 146（100.00）	0（0.00）	6.19~200.29	34.64（24.73）	700
Hg	1 146	282（24.61）	0（0.00）	ND~0.32	0.04（0.00）	1
Pb	1 146	485（42.32）	0（0.00）	ND~2.79	0.04（0.08）	10
Tl	1 146	604（52.71）	0（0.09）	ND~0.09	0.01（0.03）	0.1