2020—2024年黄冈市饮用水11种金属及类金属分布特征及健康风险评估

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的了解黄冈市饮用水中11种金属及类金属分布特征，评估其健康风险，为黄冈市饮用水安全监管提供科学依据。方法 2020—2024年，在黄冈市10县区饮用水水质监测点采集各类饮用水样品共3 850份，检测水样中砷、镉、铬（六价）、铅、汞、硒、铝、铁、锰、铜和锌浓度水平。采用美国环境保护局（US Environmental Protection Agency，US EPA）推荐的健康风险模型评估11种金属及类金属经饮水途径所致健康风险。结果 2020—2024年黄冈市饮用水11种金属及类金属浓度范围为ND~1.34 mg/L，检出率为0.3%~28.3%，合格率为99.6%~100.0%。不同年份11种金属及类金属浓度差异有统计学意义（P<0.01），其中砷、铁、铜、六价铬和锰呈总体上升趋势；农村饮用水中砷、铝、铁和锌浓度均高于城市饮用水，浓度差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。11种金属及类金属一般暴露水平及高暴露水平总非致癌风险（total hazard quotient，THQ）分别为1.76×10^-2、2.12×10^-1，均<1；一般暴露水平及高暴露水平总致癌风险（total carcinogenic risk，TCR）分别为1.82×10^-5、1.70×10^-4，高暴露水平TCR>1×10^-4。不同年份、不同地区、不同人群的THQ、TCR差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）；随年份变化，一般暴露水平THQ、TCR保持稳定，高暴露水平THQ、TCR均为先降后升。城市饮用水一般暴露水平THQ、不同暴露水平TCR均高于农村水，高暴露水平THQ低于农村水；0~5岁儿童健康风险最高；六价铬、砷是不同地区、不同人群健康风险的主要来源。结论黄冈市饮用水11种金属及类金属污染程度较低，符合国家卫生标准，THQ在可接受范围内，高暴露水平TCR超过推荐值。有关部门需重点关注0~5岁儿童经饮水途径摄入六价铬、砷所致健康风险。

关键词: 饮用水, 金属及类金属, 健康风险评估

Abstract:

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of 11 metals and metal-like substances in drinking water in Huanggang City，assess their health risks，and provide scientific basis for the supervision of drinking water safety in Huanggang City. Methods From 2020 to 2024，a total of 3 850 drinking water samples were collected from drinking water quality monitoring sites in 10 counties of Huanggang City，and the concentrations of arsenic，cadmium，chromium（hexavalent），lead，mercury，selenium，aluminum，iron，manganese，copper and zinc in the water samples were detected. The health risk model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency（US EPA） was used to evaluate the health risks of 11 metals and metal-like substances through drinking water. Results From 2020 to 2024，the concentrations of 11 metals and metal-like substances in drinking water in Huanggang City ranged from ND to 1.34 mg/L，the detection rate was 0.3% to 28.3%，and the qualification rate was 99.6% to 100.0%. There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations of 11 metals and metal-like substances in different years（P<0.01），among which arsenic，iron，copper，hexavalent chromium and manganese showed an overall increasing trend. The concentrations of arsenic，aluminum，iron and zinc in rural drinking water were higher than those in urban drinking water，and the differences were statistically significant（all P<0.01）. General exposure level and high exposure level total hazard quotient（THQ） of 11 metals and metal-like substances were 1.76×10^-2 and 2.12×10^-1，respectively，both lower than 1. The general exposure level and high exposure level total carcinogenic risk（TCR） were 1.82×10^-5 and 1.70×10^-4，respectively，with TCR>1×10^-4 for high exposure level. There were significant differences in THQ and TCR among different years，regions and populations（all P<0.01）. With the change of years，the general exposure levels THQ and TCR remained stable，while the high exposure levels THQ and TCR decreased first and then increased. The general exposure level of THQ and various exposure level of TCR in urban water were higher than those in rural water，while the high exposure level of THQ was lower than that in rural water. Children aged 0-5 years had the highest health risk. Hexavalent chromium and arsenic were the main contributing metals to health risks in different regions and populations. Conclusion The pollution degree of 11 metals and metal-like metals in drinking water in Huanggang City is relatively low，which meets the national health standard. The THQ is within the acceptable range，and the TCR of high exposure level exceeds the recommended value. Relevant departments need to focus on the health risks caused by 0-5 years old children ingesting hexavalent chromium and arsenic through drinking water.

Key words: Drinking water, Metal and metal-like, Health risk assessment

中图分类号:

R123.1

郑懿, 任莹, 刘雪芹, 王赤华, 王芬. 2020—2024年黄冈市饮用水11种金属及类金属分布特征及健康风险评估. [J]职业与健康, 2026, 42(1): 100-106.

ZHENG Yi, REN Ying, LIU Xueqin, WANG Chihua, WANG Fen. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of 11 metals and metal-like metals in drinking water in Huanggang City from 2020 to 2024. [J]OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, 2026, 42(1): 100-106.

图/表 9

参考文献 23

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参数	名称	单位	取值
C	化学物浓度	mg/L	一般暴露量M，高暴露量P₉₅
IR	经口日均摄入量	L/d	一般人群1.795；城市1.918、农村1.579；男1.816、女1.718；儿童（0~5岁）0.795、儿童（6~17岁）1.496
EF	年暴露频率	d/a	365
ED	暴露持续时间	a	非致癌风险30，致癌风险70
BW	体重	kg	一般人群64.1；城市69.2、农村63.3；男66.2、女57.3；儿童（0~5岁）14.3、儿童（6~17岁）43.6
AT	暴露时间	d	非致癌风险10 950、致癌风险25 550
Rfd	经口摄入参考剂量	mg/（kg·d）	砷0.000 3、镉0.000 5、六价铬0.003、铅0.001 4、汞0.000 3、硒0.005、铝1、铁0.3、锰0.14、铜0.04、锌0.3
SF	致癌斜率因子	kg·d/mg	砷1.5、镉6.1、六价铬0.5、铅0.008 5

参数	名称	单位	取值
C	化学物浓度	mg/L	一般暴露量M，高暴露量P₉₅
IR	经口日均摄入量	L/d	一般人群1.795；城市1.918、农村1.579；男1.816、女1.718；儿童（0~5岁）0.795、儿童（6~17岁）1.496
EF	年暴露频率	d/a	365
ED	暴露持续时间	a	非致癌风险30，致癌风险70
BW	体重	kg	一般人群64.1；城市69.2、农村63.3；男66.2、女57.3；儿童（0~5岁）14.3、儿童（6~17岁）43.6
AT	暴露时间	d	非致癌风险10 950、致癌风险25 550
Rfd	经口摄入参考剂量	mg/（kg·d）	砷0.000 3、镉0.000 5、六价铬0.003、铅0.001 4、汞0.000 3、硒0.005、铝1、铁0.3、锰0.14、铜0.04、锌0.3
SF	致癌斜率因子	kg·d/mg	砷1.5、镉6.1、六价铬0.5、铅0.008 5

化学物	检出限（mg/L）	限值（mg/L）	质量浓度（mg/L）					检出率（%）	合格率（%）
化学物	检出限（mg/L）	限值（mg/L）	浓度范围	P₂₅	M	P₇₅	P₉₅	检出率（%）	合格率（%）
砷	9.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	1.1×10^-3	8.8	100.0
镉	6.0×10^-5	0.005	ND~0.005	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	0.7	100.0
六价铬	1.6×10^-3	0.050	ND~0.050	8.0×10^-4	8.0×10^-4	8.0×10^-4	8.5×10^-3	12.1	100.0
铅	7.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	0.3	100.0
汞	7.0×10^-5	0.001	ND~0.001	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	4.0	100.0
硒	5.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	1.2	100.0
铝	1.2×10^-3	0.200	ND~0.300	6.0×10^-4	6.0×10^-4	1.3×10^-2	6.2×10^-2	28.3	100.0
铁	9.0×10^-4	0.300	ND~1.160	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	2.0×10^-3	6.8×10^-2	26.6	99.8
锰	6.0×10^-5	0.100	ND~0.657	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	2.1×10^-2	18.2	99.6
铜	9.0×10^-5	1.000	ND~0.315	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	1.2×10^-2	16.4	100.0
锌	9.0×10^-4	1.000	ND~1.340	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	3.9×10^-2	12.4	99.9

化学物	检出限（mg/L）	限值（mg/L）	质量浓度（mg/L）					检出率（%）	合格率（%）
化学物	检出限（mg/L）	限值（mg/L）	浓度范围	P₂₅	M	P₇₅	P₉₅	检出率（%）	合格率（%）
砷	9.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	1.1×10^-3	8.8	100.0
镉	6.0×10^-5	0.005	ND~0.005	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	0.7	100.0
六价铬	1.6×10^-3	0.050	ND~0.050	8.0×10^-4	8.0×10^-4	8.0×10^-4	8.5×10^-3	12.1	100.0
铅	7.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	0.3	100.0
汞	7.0×10^-5	0.001	ND~0.001	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	3.5×10^-5	4.0	100.0
硒	5.0×10^-5	0.010	ND~0.010	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	2.5×10^-5	1.2	100.0
铝	1.2×10^-3	0.200	ND~0.300	6.0×10^-4	6.0×10^-4	1.3×10^-2	6.2×10^-2	28.3	100.0
铁	9.0×10^-4	0.300	ND~1.160	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	2.0×10^-3	6.8×10^-2	26.6	99.8
锰	6.0×10^-5	0.100	ND~0.657	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	3.0×10^-5	2.1×10^-2	18.2	99.6
铜	9.0×10^-5	1.000	ND~0.315	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	4.5×10^-5	1.2×10^-2	16.4	100.0
锌	9.0×10^-4	1.000	ND~1.340	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	4.5×10^-4	3.9×10^-2	12.4	99.9

金属及类金属	砷	镉	六价铬	铅	汞	硒	铝	铁	锰	铜
镉	0.054
六价铬	0.258^a	0.048
铅	0.167^a	0.054	0.146^a
汞	0.182^a	0.018	0.150^a	0.221^a
硒	0.446^a	0.204^a	0.283^a	0.247^a	0.043
铝	0.450^a	0.017	0.446^a	0.093^a	0.195^a	0.209^a
铁	0.137^a	-0.018	0.082^a	0.040^b	-0.096^a	0.131^a	0.028
锰	0.211^a	0.002	0.071^a	0.068^a	-0.063^a	0.220^a	0.065^a	0.602^a
铜	0.280^a	0.003	0.179^a	0.076^a	-0.065^a	0.295^a	0.141^a	0.503^a	0.605^a
锌	0.280^a	0.016	0.197^a	0.087^a	-0.046^a	0.285^a	0.315^a	0.511^a	0.387^a	0.596^a