职业与健康 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7): 876-880.

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

2020—2024年广州市新能源汽车与传统汽车制造企业重点职业病危害因素监测分析

陈德浩1, 麦诗琪2, 何易楠2, 邓冠华1,2, 程泳鹏1, 梁嘉斌1,2()   

  1. 1 广州医科大学公共卫生学院广东 广州 511436
    2 广州市第十二人民医院广东 广州 510620
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04 修回日期:2025-07-29 出版日期:2026-04-01 发布日期:2026-05-14
  • 通信作者: 梁嘉斌,E-mail:13570942832@163.com
  • 作者简介:陈德浩,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为职业与环境卫生。
  • 基金资助:
    2025年度广州市市校(院)企联合资助项目(2025A03 J3539);2025年广州市市校(院)企联合资助项目(2025 A03J3589);广州市卫生健康科技重大项目(2025A03 1002);广州市医学重点学科(2005—2007年)

Monitoring and analysis of key occupational hazard factors of new energy vehicle manufacturers and traditional vehicle manufacturers in Guangzhou City from 2020 to 2024

CHEN Dehao1, MAI Shiqi2, HE Yinan2, DENG Guanhua1,2, CHENG Yongpeng1, LIANG Jiabin1,2()   

  1. 1 School of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical University,GuangzhouGuangdong 511436, China
    2 Guangzhou Twelfth People's HospitalGuangzhouGuangdong 510620, China
  • Received:2025-07-04 Revised:2025-07-29 Online:2026-04-01 Published:2026-05-14

摘要:

目的 了解广州市新能源汽车与传统汽车制造企业职业病危害因素现状及其差异,为汽车制造企业职业病防治工作提供参考依据。方法 选取2020—2024年广州市新能源汽车与传统汽车制造企业职业病危害因素监测报告进行分析。结果 2020—2024年广州市新能源汽车职业病危害因素监测总合格率为98.4%,传统汽车制造企业职业病危害因素监测总合格率为97.1%,合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),2种类型的汽车制造企业在2021—2023年及在规模为大型企业的危害因素监测合格率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),除涂装车间外其他工作场所危害因素监测合格率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),新能源汽车制造企业职业病危害因素监测合格率均高于传统汽车制造企业。2种企业的职业病危害因素中物理与化学因素的监测合格率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),监测合格率最低的职业病危害因素都为噪声,合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);2种企业的化学因素与粉尘因素的监测合格率均达99.0%以上。新能源汽车企业存在不合格的化学因素为乙酸丁酯和二甲苯,存在不合格的粉尘因素为电焊烟尘和其他粉尘;传统汽车企业存在不合格的化学因素为乙酸丁酯、甲苯和二甲苯,存在不合格的粉尘因素为电焊烟尘。新能源汽车制造企业与传统汽车制造企业5年间工作场所噪声均值差异为0.5 dB(A)(P<0.01),新能源汽车企业噪声监测合格率最低的工作场所为焊装车间,合格率为90.8%;传统汽车企业噪声监测合格率最低的工作场所为冲压车间,合格率为85.0%;2种类型的汽车制造企业噪声均值差异最大的工作车间为焊装车间,差异为1.6 dB(A)(P<0.01)。结论 噪声是广州市新能源汽车与传统汽车制造企业主要的职业病危害因素。应加强汽车制造企业作业场所危害防护措施建设与职业卫生监督,改善作业环境,保障工人健康。

关键词: 广州市, 汽车制造, 职业危害因素, 监测

Abstract:

Objective To understand the current situation of occupational disease hazards and their differences between new energy vehicles manufacturing enterprises and traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou City,and provide a basis for the prevention and control of occupational diseases in automobile manufacturing enterprises. Methods The monitoring report of occupational disease hazards of new energy vehicles manufacturing enterprises and traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou City from 2020 to 2024 were selected for analysis. Results The total qualified rate of occupational disease hazard factor monitoring for new energy vehicles manufacturing enterprises was 98.4%,and that for traditional vehicle manufacturing enterprises was 97.1%,there was a statistically significant difference in the total qualified rate of monitoring occupational disease hazards between new energy vehicles manufacturing enterprises and traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou City from 2020 to 2024(P<0.01),and there were statistically significant differences in the qualified rate of monitoring hazards between the two types of automobile manufacturing enterprises in 2021-2023 and in the large size of enterprises(all P<0.05). Except for the painting workshop,there were statistically significant differences in the pass rate of hazardous factors in other workplaces(all P<0.01),and the rate of new energy automobile manufacturing enterprises was higher than that of traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises. There were statistically significant differences in the monitoring pass rates of physical factors and chemical factors of the two types of enterprises(all P<0.01),and the occupational disease hazards with the lowest pass rates was noise,and the difference in pass rates was statistically significant(P<0.01). The monitoring pass rates of chemical factors and dust factors of the two types of enterprises were more than 99.0%. The unqualified chemical factors in new energy automobile enterprises were butyl acetate and xylene,and the unqualified dust factors were welding fume and other dust;the unqualified chemical factors in traditional automobile enterprises were butyl acetate,toluene and xylene,and the unqualified dust factors were welding fume. The difference in mean workplace noise between new energy vehicle manufacturing enterprises and traditional vehicle manufacturing enterprises over the five-year period was 0.5 dB(A)(P<0.01). The workplace with the lowest qualified rate of noise monitoring in new energy vehicle enterprises was the welding workshop,with the qualified rate of 90.8%;the workplace with the lowest qualified rate of noise monitoring in traditional automotive enterprises was the stamping workshop,with the qualified rate of 85.0%. The workshop with the greatest difference in the average noise value between the two types of automotive manufacturing enterprises was the welding workshop,with a difference of 1.6 dB(A)(P<0.01). Conclusion Noise is the main occupational disease hazard of new energy vehicles manufacturing enterprises and traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou City. The construction of hazardous protective measures and occupational health supervision at workplaces of automobile manufacturing enterprises should be strengthened to improve the working environment and protect the occupational health of workers.

Key words: Guangzhou City, Automobile manufacturing, Occupational hazards factors, Monitoring

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